【AndroidAPP】权限被拒绝:[android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE]，USB设备访问权限系统报错

一、问题原因

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1.安卓安全性变更

Android 12+ 的安全性变更，Google 引入了更严格的 PendingIntent 安全管理，强制要求开发者明确指定 PendingIntent 的可变性（Mutable）或不可变性（Immutable）。
但是，在从 Android 14+ (API 34) 开始，FLAG_MUTABLE 和隐式 Intent 的组合会被禁止。因此，在使用静态的广播请求的时候，FLAG_MUTABLE多余，且违反安全规则。

2.关键点

关键在于安卓 14+ 版本的安全策略变化，导致无法再继续使用 FLAG_MUTABLE。
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二、解决办法

1.代码示例

先给出代码示例，供大家参考，然后解释关键点在哪。

MainActivity.kt（Kotlin class）代码示例：

package com.example.serialportdebugappimport android.app.PendingIntent
import android.content.Intent
import android.hardware.usb.UsbDevice
import android.hardware.usb.UsbManager
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivityclass MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {private lateinit var statusTextView: TextViewprivate lateinit var logTextView: TextViewprivate lateinit var checkPortButton: Buttonprivate lateinit var usbManager: UsbManageroverride fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)// 初始化视图statusTextView = findViewById(R.id.statusTextView)logTextView = findViewById(R.id.logTextView)checkPortButton = findViewById(R.id.checkPortButton)// 获取 USB 管理器usbManager = getSystemService(USB_SERVICE) as UsbManager// 按钮点击事件checkPortButton.setOnClickListener {detectUsbDevices()}}/*** 检测 USB 设备*/private fun detectUsbDevices() {val deviceList = usbManager.deviceListif (deviceList.isEmpty()) {logTextView.append("No USB devices found\n")return}for ((_, device) in deviceList) {logTextView.append("Detected device: ${device.deviceName}\n")requestPermission(device)}}/*** 请求 USB 权限*/private fun requestPermission(device: UsbDevice) {val intent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, Intent("com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION"),PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE)usbManager.requestPermission(device, intent)}
}

UsbBroadcastReceiver.kt（Kotlin class）代码示例：

package com.example.serialportdebugappimport android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.hardware.usb.UsbDevice
import android.hardware.usb.UsbManager
import android.util.Logclass UsbBroadcastReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {val action = intent.actionif (action == "com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION") {synchronized(this) {val device: UsbDevice? = intent.getParcelableExtra(UsbManager.EXTRA_DEVICE)if (intent.getBooleanExtra(UsbManager.EXTRA_PERMISSION_GRANTED, false)) {device?.let {Log.d("UsbBroadcastReceiver", "Permission granted for device: ${device.deviceName}")}} else {Log.d("UsbBroadcastReceiver", "Permission denied for device: ${device?.deviceName}")}}}}
}

AndroidManifest.xml 代码示例（总配置文件）

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"><uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.usb.host" /><uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" /><uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" /><uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" /><uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" /><applicationandroid:allowBackup="true"android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"android:label="@string/app_name"android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"android:supportsRtl="true"android:theme="@style/Theme.SerialPortDebugApp"><activityandroid:name=".MainActivity"android:exported="true"><intent-filter><action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /><category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /></intent-filter></activity><!-- 广播接收器，处理 USB 权限 --><receiver android:name=".UsbBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="false"><intent-filter><action android:name="com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION" /></intent-filter></receiver></application>
</manifest>

build.gradle.kts(:app) 相关依赖代码示例

plugins {alias(libs.plugins.android.application)alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.android)alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.compose)
}android {namespace = "com.example.serialportdebugapp"compileSdk = 35defaultConfig {applicationId = "com.example.serialportdebugapp"minSdk = 26targetSdk = 35versionCode = 1versionName = "1.0"testInstrumentationRunner = "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"}buildTypes {release {isMinifyEnabled = falseproguardFiles(getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"),"proguard-rules.pro")}}compileOptions {sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11}kotlinOptions {jvmTarget = "11"}buildFeatures {compose = true}
}dependencies {implementation(libs.androidx.core.ktx)implementation(libs.androidx.lifecycle.runtime.ktx)implementation(libs.androidx.activity.compose)implementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))implementation(libs.androidx.ui)implementation(libs.androidx.ui.graphics)implementation(libs.androidx.ui.tooling.preview)implementation(libs.androidx.material3)implementation(libs.androidx.appcompat)testImplementation(libs.junit)androidTestImplementation(libs.androidx.junit)androidTestImplementation(libs.androidx.espresso.core)androidTestImplementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))androidTestImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.test.junit4)debugImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.tooling)debugImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.test.manifest)implementation(libs.purejavacomm)
}

libs.versions.toml 代码示例：

[versions]
agp = "8.7.2"
kotlin = "2.0.0"
coreKtx = "1.15.0"
junit = "4.13.2"
junitVersion = "1.2.1"
espressoCore = "3.6.1"
lifecycleRuntimeKtx = "2.8.7"
activityCompose = "1.8.0"
composeBom = "2024.04.01"
appcompat = "1.7.0"[libraries]
androidx-core-ktx = { group = "androidx.core", name = "core-ktx", version.ref = "coreKtx" }
junit = { group = "junit", name = "junit", version.ref = "junit" }
androidx-junit = { group = "androidx.test.ext", name = "junit", version.ref = "junitVersion" }
androidx-espresso-core = { group = "androidx.test.espresso", name = "espresso-core", version.ref = "espressoCore" }
androidx-lifecycle-runtime-ktx = { group = "androidx.lifecycle", name = "lifecycle-runtime-ktx", version.ref = "lifecycleRuntimeKtx" }
androidx-activity-compose = { group = "androidx.activity", name = "activity-compose", version.ref = "activityCompose" }
androidx-compose-bom = { group = "androidx.compose", name = "compose-bom", version.ref = "composeBom" }
androidx-ui = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui" }
androidx-ui-graphics = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-graphics" }
androidx-ui-tooling = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-tooling" }
androidx-ui-tooling-preview = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-tooling-preview" }
androidx-ui-test-manifest = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-test-manifest" }
androidx-ui-test-junit4 = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-test-junit4" }
androidx-material3 = { group = "androidx.compose.material3", name = "material3" }
purejavacomm = { group = "com.github.purejavacomm", name = "purejavacomm", version = "1.0.2.RELEASE" }
androidx-appcompat = { group = "androidx.appcompat", name = "appcompat", version.ref = "appcompat" }[plugins]
android-application = { id = "com.android.application", version.ref = "agp" }
kotlin-android = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.android", version.ref = "kotlin" }
kotlin-compose = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.compose", version.ref = "kotlin" }

activity_main.xml 代码示例（APP界面，UI，用于测试USB串口调试APP的界面UI设计）

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"android:orientation="vertical"android:padding="16dp"><TextViewandroid:id="@+id/statusTextView"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="USB Status: Not connected"android:textSize="18sp" /><TextViewandroid:id="@+id/logTextView"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Log output:\n"android:padding="8dp"android:scrollbars="vertical" /><Buttonandroid:id="@+id/checkPortButton"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Check USB Devices" />
</LinearLayout>

2.关键点

关键点在于，MainActivity.kt 中的这段代码：

    /*** 请求 USB 权限*/private fun requestPermission(device: UsbDevice) {val intent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, Intent("com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION"),PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE)usbManager.requestPermission(device, intent)}