Python绘图系统：

• 📈从0开始的3D绘图系统📉一套3D坐标，多个函数📊散点图、极坐标和子图
• 自定义控件：📉绘图风格📉风格控件
• 图表类型和风格：📊定制绘图风格

调用绘图风格控件

如果想在DrawSystem中调用绘图风格，那么就需要DrawStyle对象可以输出绘图参数，由于这里面所有的参数都在字典里面，所以这一步非常容易

def getOneVar(self, key):v = self.varDct[key].get()if v=="":return ""if key in NUM_KEYS:return float(v)elif key in INT_KEYS:return int(v)else:return vdef getVarDct(self):dct = {self.VAR_LABS[key] : self.varDct[key].get() for key in self.varDct}return {key : dct[key] for key in dct if dct[key]!=""}

第一个函数用于得到某个绘图参数，第二个则用字典的形式，返回所有已经设置的绘图参数。毕竟，在plot绘图过程中，并不是需要设置所有的绘图参数。

由于DrawStyle是在AxisList中被调用的，所以这个getVarDct函数最好在AxisList中重新封装一下

def getStyle(self):return self.DrawStyle.getVarDct()

最后，绘图风格实现的临门一脚，自然是DrawSystem中的plot函数

def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys, style):ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys], **style)

多了一个style参数，由于绘图函数被重新赋给了func，从而所有绘图函数都要有相同的绘图接口，所以尽管暂时不用，drawScatter和drawBar也要加上style参数。同时更改绘图函数。代码如下，主要添加了一个al.getStyle()的调用。

def btnDrawImg(self):self.fig.clf()keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim()self.axDct = {}for al in self.als:ax = self.setDrawAxis(al)data = self.readDatas(al)draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()]style = al.getStyle()draw(ax, data, keys, style)self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)self.canvas.draw()

最后得到下面的效果。

代码组织

目前，这个绘图系统已经有了400多行代码，5个类被放在同一个文件中，修改起来已经有些不便了。为了开发工作得以继续，有必要把这几个类分发到不同的文件中。

下面新建四个文件，分别放入以下内容

• base.py：DrawType, DrawStyle
• aframe.py: AxisFrame
• alist.py: AxisList
• ds.py: DrawSystem

源代码

最后附上源代码

base.py

基础的绘图要素，即绘图类型DrawType和绘图风格DrawStyle。

import numpy as np
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttkclass DrawStyle(ttk.Frame):def __init__(self, master, varDct={}, ws=None, func=None, **options):super().__init__(master, **options)self.pack()self.initConst()self.initVars()self.initWidgets()def initConst(self):self.VAR_LABS = {"线型" : "linestyle", "线宽" : "linewidth",  "线色" : "color","点型" : "marker"   , "点径" : "markersize", "点色" : "markeredgecolor","标签" : "label"    , "透明度"    : "alpha", "层号" : "zorder" }self.STR_KEYS = ["标签"]self.COM_KEYS = ["线型", "点型"]self.NUM_KEYS = ["线宽", "点径", "透明度"]self.INT_KEYS = ["层号"]self.CLR_KEYS = ["线色", "点色"]def initVars(self):self.varDct = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in self.VAR_LABS}def newFrame(self):frm = ttk.Frame(self)frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)return frmdef initWidgets(self):frm = self.newFrame()for i,key in enumerate(["标签", "层号", "透明度"]):tk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=0, column=i*2, padx=2)tmp = ttk.Entry(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])tmp.grid(row=0, column=i*2+1, padx=2, pady=2)self.initLineMarker(frm)def initLineMarker(self, frm):enumDct = {"点型" : ['.', ',', '1', '2', '3', '4', '+', 'x', '|', '_', 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 'o', 'v', '^', '<', '>', '8', 's', 'p', '*', 'h', 'H', 'D', 'd', 'P', 'X'],"线型" : ['-', '--', '-.', ':']}for i in range(2):key = self.COM_KEYS[i]ttk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=i+1, column=0, padx=2)tmp = ttk.Combobox(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])tmp.grid(row=i+1, column=1, padx=2, pady=2)tmp['value'] = enumDct[key]key = self.NUM_KEYS[i]ttk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=i+1, column=2, padx=2)tmp = ttk.Entry(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])tmp.grid(row=i+1, column=3, padx=2, pady=2)key = self.CLR_KEYS[i]ttk.Label(frm, text=key).grid(row=i+1, column=4, padx=2)tmp = ttk.Entry(frm, width=10, textvariable=self.varDct[key])tmp.grid(row=i+1, column=5, padx=2, pady=2)def getOneVar(self, key):v = self.varDct[key].get()if v=="":return ""if key in NUM_KEYS:return float(v)elif key in INT_KEYS:return int(v)else:return vdef getVarDct(self):dct = {self.VAR_LABS[key] : self.varDct[key].get() for key in self.varDct}return {key : dct[key] for key in dct if dct[key]!=""}# 绘图类型和维度
# varDct 的格式是 {"sub":sub, "type":slctType, "dim":dim, "proj": proj}class DrawType(ttk.Frame):# ws为两个combobox的宽def __init__(self, master, varDct = {"sub":"111", "type":'点线图', "dim":"xyz", "proj": "3d"},ws=None, func=None, **options):super().__init__(master, **options)self.pack()self.dimChanged = funcself.initVar(varDct)self.initWidgets(ws)def initVar(self, varDct):self.drawVars = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in varDct}for key in self.drawVars:self.drawVars[key].set(varDct[key])def initWidgets(self, ws):if ws==None: ws = [5, 5, 5, 3]slctDct = {'type':("点线图", "散点图", "条形图"), 'proj': ("None", "3d", "polar"), 'dim' : ("x", "xy", "xyz", "tx", "txy", "txyz")}    # 绘图维度keys = ['sub', 'type', 'proj', 'dim']wDct = {}  # 控件字典# 此为设置子图的Entry控件wDct['sub'] = ttk.Entry(self, width=ws[0], textvariable=self.drawVars['sub'])for i, key in enumerate(keys[1:], 1):wDct[key] = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[i], textvariable=self.drawVars[key])wDct[key]['value'] = slctDct[key]for key in keys:wDct[key].pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)wDct['dim'].bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', self.dimChanged)def getSub(self):return self.drawVars['sub'].get()def getType(self): return self.drawVars['type'].get()def getDim(self):return self.drawVars['dim'].get()def getProj(self):return self.drawVars['proj'].get()def getDct(self):return {key:self.drawVars[key].get() for key in self.drawVars}

aframe.py

单个坐标控件，这里面其实有很多功能没做，比如坐标输入方法中，如果选中外部导入的话，那么应该可以出现一个文件对话框，来自动择选想要导入的数据。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
import numpy as npclass AxisFrame(ttk.Frame):# widths 是每个控件的宽度def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options):super().__init__(master, **options)self.pack()self.label = labelself.initVar(mode)self.initWidgets(widths)def initVar(self, mode):self.MODES = ("序列化", "源代码", "外部导入", "无数据")self.mode = tk.StringVar()self.setMode(mode)def initWidgets(self, widths):tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT)self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode)self.slct['value'] = self.MODESself.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2])self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X)def setText(self, text):self.entry.delete(0, "end")self.entry.insert(0, text)def get(self):return self.entry.get()def setMode(self, mode):if type(mode) != str:mode = self.MODES[mode]self.mode.set(mode)def setData(self, data=None, **txyz):if self.mode.get() == "序列化":return self.getArray()elif self.mode.get() == "外部导入":return self.loadData(data)else:return self.readPython(**txyz)def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None):self.data = eval(self.get())return self.datadef loadData(self, data):if type(data) != type(None):self.data = datareturn self.datadef getArray(self):val = self.get()self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})")return self.data

alist.py

即AxisFrame的列表，这里面已经集齐了绘制一幅图像的全部要素，但并没有图像展示功能。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
import numpy as npfrom aframe import AxisFrame
from base import DrawType, DrawStyleclass AxisList(ttk.Frame):def __init__(self, master, title, mode, widths, types, typeDct,        # 绘图类型Combobox的参数**options):super().__init__(master, **options)self.pack()self.afs = {}self.data = {}self.initWidgets(title, widths)self.initFeature(types, typeDct)self.initAxis(mode, widths)self.initStyleFrame()def initWidgets(self, title, widths):self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,command=self.Click)self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)self._c = ttk.Frame(self)       # 此为主控件self._b = ttk.Frame(self._c)    # 此外工具栏控件self._a = ttk.Frame(self._c)    # 此为坐标轴self._s = ttk.Frame(self._c)  # 此为绘图风格控件self._b.pack(side=tk.TOP)self._a.pack(side=tk.TOP)self._s.pack(side=tk.TOP)self.collapsed = Trueself.Click()# 初始化工具栏def initFeature(self, types, typeDct):frm = self._bfrm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)ttk.Button(frm, text="导入",width=5,command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)ttk.Button(frm, text="导出",width=5,command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, typeDct, func=self.dimChanged)self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}ttk.Button(frm, text="风格",width=5,command=self.btnShowStyle).pack(side=tk.LEFT)self.showStyle = False# 初始化坐标轴def initAxis(self, mode, widths):for flag in 'txyz':self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._a, flag, mode, widths)self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)self.vis = {L : L in self.getDrawDim() for L in 'txyz'}self.updateVisible()# 初始化风格控件def initStyleFrame(self):self.sf = ttk.LabelFrame(self._s, text="绘图风格")self.drawStyle = DrawStyle(self.sf)self.drawStyle.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)# 维度改变时的回调函数def dimChanged(self, evt):txyz = self.getDrawDim()for flag in 'txyz':self.vis[flag] = flag in txyzself.updateVisible()# 更新隐藏和显示def updateVisible(self):for flag in 'txyz':self.afs[flag].pack_forget()for flag in 'txyz':if self.vis[flag]:self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)def btnShowStyle(self):self.showStyle = not self.showStyleif self.showStyle:self.sf.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)else:self.sf.pack_forget()def getSub(self):return self.drawTypeDim.getSub()def getProj(self):return self.drawTypeDim.getProj()def getDrawType(self):return self.drawTypeDim.getType()def getDrawDim(self):return self.drawTypeDim.getDim()def getStyle(self):return self.drawStyle.getVarDct()# 加载数据def btnLoadData(self):name = askopenfilename()data = np.genfromtxt(name)for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):if i >= data.shape[1]:returnself.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])def Click(self):if self.collapsed:self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            else:self._c.pack_forget()self.collapsed = not self.collapsed# 设置数据def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)# 设置模式def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)

ds.py

入口函数就在这个文件中，是主程序的文件。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilenameimport matplotlib
import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg as mbb
from matplotlib.figure import Figureimport numpy as npfrom alist import AxisList
from base import DrawTypeclass DarwSystem():def __init__(self):self.root = tk.Tk()self.root.title("数据展示工具")self.data = {}self.als = []self.initConst()self.setFrmCtrl()frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root)frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)self.setFrmFig(frmFig)self.root.mainloop()def initConst(self):self.TYPES = ("点线图", "散点图", "条形图")self.drawDct = {"点线图" : self.drawPlot,"散点图" : self.drawScatter,"条形图" : self.drawBar}def setFrmCtrl(self):frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320)frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)self.setCtrlButtons(frm)self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl)self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)self.addLast(None)# ! 工具栏def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm)self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT)ttk.Button(frm, text="📈",width=3,command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)ttk.Button(frm, text="📂",width=3,command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="+", width=3)btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast)btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="-", width=3)btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast)def addLast(self, evt):title = f"坐标{len(self.als)}"al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,30], self.TYPES, self.drawTypeDim.getDct())al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)self.als.append(al)def deleteLast(self, evt):self.als[-1].pack_forget()del self.als[-1]def btnLoadData(self):name = askopenfilename()data = np.genfromtxt(name)for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):if i >= data.shape[1]:returnself.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入")self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i])def readDatas(self, al):dct = {}data = {}for flag in self.drawTypeDim.getDim():data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct)dct[flag] = data[flag]return datadef setDrawAxis(self, al):sub = int(al.getSub())print(sub)if sub in self.axDct:return self.axDct[sub]p = al.getProj() if p == "None":self.axDct[sub] = self.fig.add_subplot(sub)else:self.axDct[sub] = self.fig.add_subplot(sub, projection=p)return self.axDct[sub]def btnDrawImg(self):self.fig.clf()keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim()self.axDct = {}for al in self.als:ax = self.setDrawAxis(al)data = self.readDatas(al)draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()]style = al.getStyle()draw(ax, data, keys, style)self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)self.canvas.draw()def drawBar(self, ax, data, keys, style):ax.bar(data['x'], data['y'])def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys, style):ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys], **style)def drawScatter(self, ax, data, keys, style):ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys])def setFrmFig(self, frmFig):self.fig = Figure()self.canvas = mbb.FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig)self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)self.toolbar = mbb.NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig,pack_toolbar=False)self.toolbar.update()self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT)if __name__ == "__main__":test = DarwSystem()