个人简介:双非大二学生
个人博客:Monodye
今日鸡汤:人生就像一盒巧克力,你永远不知道下一块是什么味的
C语言基础刷题:牛客网在线编程_语法篇_基础语法 (nowcoder.com)
一.贪吃蛇游戏背景
贪吃蛇是久负盛名的游戏,它也和俄罗斯⽅块,扫雷等游戏位列经典游戏的⾏列。在编程语⾔的教学中,我们以贪吃蛇为例,从设计到代码实现来提升学⽣的编程能⼒和逻辑能⼒。
二.游戏实现过程
大致分为三个大模块:
- GameStart完成游戏的初始化打印
- GameRun游戏运行时各个功能的实现
- GameEnd游戏结束以后的一些善后工作
2.1游戏功能
实现基本的功能:• 贪吃蛇地图绘制• 蛇吃⻝物的功能 (上、下、左、右⽅向键控制蛇的动作)• 蛇撞墙死亡• 蛇撞⾃⾝死亡• 计算得分• 蛇⾝加速、减速• 暂停游戏
2.2需要掌握的知识
C语⾔函数、枚举、结构体、动态内存管理、预处理指令、链表、Win32 API等。
三.Win32API
3.1Win32API介绍
3.2控制台程序
mode con cols=100 lines=30
也可以通过命令设置控制台窗口的名字
title 贪吃蛇
这些命令我们使用C语言的system便可以实现:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{//设置控制台窗⼝的⻓宽:设置控制台窗⼝的⼤⼩,30⾏,100列system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");//设置cmd窗⼝名称system("title 贪吃蛇"); return 0;
}
这里我们可以在后面实现的时候加一个getchar(),防止程序运行结束无法确定窗口是否设置成功。
这样就设置好了。
3.3控制台屏幕上的坐标COORD
typedef struct _COORD {SHORT X;SHORT Y;
} COORD, *PCOORD;
通过这样一个结构体我们就可以给得到控制台上的坐标了。
这里我们可以设置一个坐标
COORD pos = { 10, 15 };
3.4GetStdHandle
GetStdHandle是⼀个Windows API函数。它⽤于从⼀个特定的标准设备(标准输⼊、标准输出或标准错误)中取得⼀个句柄(⽤来标识不同设备的数值),使⽤这个句柄可以操作设备。
它就像炒菜的手柄,你想获得API函数的操作权就得有一个可以获得他们的手柄。
举个例子:
HANDLE hOutput = NULL;
//获取标准输出的句柄(⽤来标识不同设备的数值)
hOutput = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
3.5GetConsoleCursorInfo
举个例子:
HANDLE hOutput = NULL;
//获取标准输出的句柄(⽤来标识不同设备的数值)
hOutput = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;
GetConsoleCursorInfo(hOutput, &CursorInfo);//获取控制台光标信息
3.6CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO
typedef struct _CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO {DWORD dwSize;BOOL bVisible;
} CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO, *PCONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO;
3.7SetConsoleCursorInfo
HANDLE hOutput = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
//影藏光标操作
CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;
GetConsoleCursorInfo(hOutput, &CursorInfo);//获取控制台光标信息
CursorInfo.bVisible = false; //隐藏控制台光标
SetConsoleCursorInfo(hOutput, &CursorInfo);//设置控制台光标状态
3.8 SetConsoleCursorPosition
COORD pos = { 10, 5};HANDLE hOutput = NULL;//获取标准输出的句柄(⽤来标识不同设备的数值)hOutput = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);//设置标准输出上光标的位置为posSetConsoleCursorPosition(hOutput, pos);
这里我们可以利用上面讲到的知识,实现一个设置光标位置的函数:
//设置光标的坐标
void SetPos(short x, short y)
{COORD pos = { x, y };HANDLE hOutput = NULL;//获取标准输出的句柄(⽤来标识不同设备的数值)hOutput = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
//设置标准输出上光标的位置为posSetConsoleCursorPosition(hOutput, pos);
}
3.9GetAsyncKeyState
获取按键情况,GetAsyncKeyState的函数原型如下:
SHORT GetAsyncKeyState(int vKey
);
将键盘上每个键的虚拟键值传递给函数,函数通过返回值来分辨按键的状态。GetAsyncKeyState 的返回值是short类型,在上⼀次调⽤ GetAsyncKeyState 函数后,如果返回的16位的short数据中,最⾼位是1,说明按键的状态是按下,如果最⾼是0,说明按键的状态是抬起;如果最低位被置为1则说明,该按键被按过,否则为0。如果我们要判断⼀个键是否被按过,可以检测GetAsyncKeyState返回值的最低值是否为1.
我们可以将 GetAsyncKeyState的结果与0x1进行&运算这样1代表按键,0代表没按键。
#define KEY_PRESS(VK) ( (GetAsyncKeyState(VK) & 0x1) ? 1 : 0 )
四.GameStart
在这个函数里我们主要完成这样几个功能的实现:
设置控制台的信息,窗口的大小,窗口名
隐藏光标
打印欢迎信息
绘制地图
初始化蛇
创建食物
void GameStart(pSnake ps)
{//设置控制台的信息,窗口的大小,窗口名system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");system("title 贪吃蛇");//隐藏光标HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);CursorInfo.bVisible = false;SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);//打印欢迎信息WelcomeToGame();//绘制地图GetMap();//初始化蛇InitSnake(ps);//创建食物CreateFood(ps);
}
这里需要特殊说明一下这里我们打印蛇身的时候使用的是中文符号,可以下载搜狗输入法特殊字符获得,并且,这些中文字符,是普通字符 的二倍大。
五.GameRun
用来实现这样几个功能:
打印欢迎信息PrintfHelpInfo();
按键的实现switch语句
蛇的移动SnakeMove();sleep()一下移动一下
void GameRun(pSnake ps)
{PrintfHelpInfo();do{SetPos(62,10);printf("总分:%5d\n",ps->Score);SetPos(62,11);printf("食物的分值:%02d\n",ps->FoodWeight);if (KEY_PRESS(VK_UP) && ps->dir != DOWN){ps->dir = UP;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_DOWN) && ps->dir != UP){ps->dir = DOWN;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_LEFT) && ps->dir != RIGHT){ps->dir = LEFT;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_RIGHT) && ps->dir != LEFT){ps->dir = RIGHT;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_ESCAPE)){ps->status = ESC;break;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){pause();}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F3)){if (ps->SleepTime >= 80){ps->SleepTime -= 30;ps->FoodWeight+= 2;}}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F4)){if (ps->FoodWeight > 2){ps->SleepTime += 30;ps->FoodWeight -= 2;}}SnakeMove(ps);Sleep(ps->SleepTime);} while (ps->status==OK);//getchar();}
这里是GameRun的基本框架,一些具体的函数嵌套,下文会有详细源码。
六.GameEnd
这个函数主要用来进行游戏结束时的一些善后工作,
打印退出游戏的信息
逐个销毁创建的贪吃蛇蛇身节点
释放食物节点指针
void GameEnd(pSnake ps)
{SetPos(15,12);switch (ps->status){case ESC:printf("主动退出游戏,正常退出\n");break;case KILL_BY_WALL:printf("很遗憾,撞墙了,游戏结束\n");break;case KILL_BY_SELF:printf("很遗憾,咬到自己了,游戏结束了\n");break;}PSnakeNode cur = ps->pSnake;PSnakeNode del = NULL;while (cur){del = cur;cur - cur->next;free(del);}free(ps->pFood);ps->pFood = NULL;
}
七.贪吃蛇小项目源码
test.c
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include"snake.h"void test()
{//创建蛇Snake snake = {0};GameStart(&snake);//GameRun(&snake);//GameEnd(&snake);
}
int main()
{//修改适配为中文环境setlocale(LC_ALL,"");test();return 0;
}
Snake.h
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include <locale.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include"stdlib.h"
#include<windows.h>
#include<stdbool.h>
#define KEY_PRESS(VK) ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK) & 0x1) ? 1 : 0)
#define WALL L'□'
#define BODY L'●'
#define Food L'★'
#define POS_X 24
#define POS_Y 5
enum GAME_STATUS
{OK = 1,ESC,KILL_BY_WALL,KILL_BY_SELF
};
enum DIRECTION
{UP=1,DOWN,LEFT,RIGHT
};
//蛇身节点的定义
typedef struct SnakeNode
{int x;int y;struct SnakeNode* next;
}SnakeNode, *PSnakeNode;
//贪吃蛇
typedef struct Snake
{PSnakeNode pSnake;PSnakeNode pFood;int Score;int FoodWeight;int SleepTime;enum GAME_STATUS status;enum DIRECTION dir;
}Snake,*pSnake;void GameStart(pSnake ps);
void WelcomeToGame();
void GetMap();
void InitSnake(pSnake ps);
void CreateFood(pSnake ps);
void GameRun(pSnake ps);
void PrintfHelpInfo();
void SnakeMove(pSnake ps);
int NextIsFood(pSnake ps,PSnakeNode pNext);
void EatFood(pSnake ps, PSnakeNode pNext);
void NotFood(pSnake ps, PSnakeNode pNext);
void killByWall(pSnake ps);
void KillBySelf(pSnake ps);
void GameEnd(pSnake ps);
Snake.c
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include"snake.h"
void SetPos(int x,int y)
{HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);COORD pos = { x,y };SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle,pos);}
void WelcomeToGame()
{SetPos(35,10);printf("欢迎来到贪吃蛇小游戏\n");SetPos(38,20);system("pause");system("cls");//功能介绍界面SetPos(15,10);printf("用↑.↓.←.→来控制蛇的移动,F3是加速,F4是减速\n");SetPos(15,11);printf("加速得到更高的分数\n");SetPos(38, 20);system("pause");system("cls");
}
void GetMap()
{//上SetPos(0,0);int i = 0;for ( i = 0;i <= 56; i += 2){wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}//下SetPos(0,26);for (i = 0; i <= 56; i += 2){wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}//左for (i = 1; i <= 25; i ++){SetPos(0,i);wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}//右for (i = 1; i <= 25; i++){SetPos(56,i);wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);}
}
void InitSnake(pSnake ps)
{PSnakeNode cur = NULL;int i = 0;for (i = 0; i < 5; i++){cur = (PSnakeNode)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (cur == NULL){perror("InitSnake malloc!");return;}cur->x = POS_X + 2 * i;cur->y = POS_Y;cur->next = NULL;//头插法if (ps->pSnake == NULL){ps->pSnake = cur;}else{cur->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = cur;}}cur = ps->pSnake;while (cur){SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);cur = cur->next;}ps->dir = RIGHT;ps->FoodWeight = 10;ps->pFood = NULL;ps->Score = 0;ps->SleepTime = 200;ps->status = OK;
}void CreateFood(pSnake ps){int x = 0;int y = 0;again:do{x = rand() % 53 + 2;y = rand() % 24 + 1;} while (x%2!=0);PSnakeNode cur = ps->pSnake;while (cur){if (x == cur->x && y == cur->y){goto again;}cur = cur->next;}PSnakeNode pFood = (PSnakeNode)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (pFood == NULL){perror("CreateFood():malloc");return;}pFood->x=x;pFood->y=y;ps->pFood = pFood;SetPos(x,y);wprintf(L"%lc",Food);}void GameStart(pSnake ps)
{//设置控制台的信息,窗口的大小,窗口名system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");system("title 贪吃蛇");//隐藏光标HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);CursorInfo.bVisible = false;SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);//打印欢迎信息WelcomeToGame();//绘制地图GetMap();//初始化蛇InitSnake(ps);//创建食物CreateFood(ps);
}
void PrintfHelpInfo()
{SetPos(62,15);printf("1.不能穿墙,不能咬到自己\n");SetPos(62,16);printf("用↑.↓.←.→来控制蛇的移动\n");SetPos(62,17);printf("F3是加速,F4是减速\n");SetPos(62,19);printf("版权@Monodye\n");}
void pause()
{while (1){Sleep(100);if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){break;}}
}
int NextIsFood(pSnake ps,PSnakeNode pNext)
{if (ps->pFood->x == pNext->x && ps->pFood->y == pNext->y){return 1;}elsereturn 0;
}
void EatFood(pSnake ps, PSnakeNode pNext)
{pNext->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = pNext;PSnakeNode cur = ps->pSnake;while (cur){SetPos(cur->x,cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc",BODY);cur = cur->next;}ps->Score += ps->FoodWeight;free(ps->pFood);CreateFood(ps);
}
void NotFood(pSnake ps, PSnakeNode pNext)
{pNext->next = ps->pSnake;ps->pSnake = pNext;PSnakeNode cur = ps->pSnake;while (cur->next->next ){SetPos(cur->x,cur->y);wprintf(L"%lc",BODY);cur = cur->next;}SetPos(cur->next->x, cur->next->y);printf(" ");free(cur->next);cur->next = NULL;
}
void killByWall(pSnake ps)
{if (ps->pSnake->x == 0 ||ps->pSnake->x == 56 ||ps->pSnake->y == 0 ||ps->pSnake->y == 26){ps->status = KILL_BY_SELF;}
}
void KillBySelf(pSnake ps)
{PSnakeNode cur = ps->pSnake->next;while (cur){if (cur->x == ps->pSnake->x && cur->y == ps->pSnake->y){ps->status = KILL_BY_SELF;return 0;}cur = cur->next;}
}
void SnakeMove(pSnake ps)
{PSnakeNode pNext=(PSnakeNode)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));if (pNext == NULL){perror("SnakeMove():malloc()");return;}pNext->next = NULL;switch (ps->dir){case UP:pNext->x = ps->pSnake->x;pNext->y = ps->pSnake->y-1;break;case DOWN:pNext->x = ps->pSnake->x;pNext->y = ps->pSnake->y +1;break;case LEFT:pNext->x = ps->pSnake->x-2;pNext->y = ps->pSnake->y ;break;case RIGHT:pNext->x = ps->pSnake->x+2;pNext->y = ps->pSnake->y;break;}if (NextIsFood(ps,pNext)){EatFood(ps,pNext);}else {NotFood(ps,pNext);}killByWall(ps);KillBySelf(ps);
}
void GameRun(pSnake ps)
{PrintfHelpInfo();do{SetPos(62,10);printf("总分:%5d\n",ps->Score);SetPos(62,11);printf("食物的分值:%02d\n",ps->FoodWeight);if (KEY_PRESS(VK_UP) && ps->dir != DOWN){ps->dir = UP;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_DOWN) && ps->dir != UP){ps->dir = DOWN;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_LEFT) && ps->dir != RIGHT){ps->dir = LEFT;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_RIGHT) && ps->dir != LEFT){ps->dir = RIGHT;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_ESCAPE)){ps->status = ESC;break;}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE)){pause();}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F3)){if (ps->SleepTime >= 80){ps->SleepTime -= 30;ps->FoodWeight+= 2;}}else if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F4)){if (ps->FoodWeight > 2){ps->SleepTime += 30;ps->FoodWeight -= 2;}}SnakeMove(ps);Sleep(ps->SleepTime);} while (ps->status==OK);//getchar();}
void GameEnd(pSnake ps)
{SetPos(15,12);switch (ps->status){case ESC:printf("主动退出游戏,正常退出\n");break;case KILL_BY_WALL:printf("很遗憾,撞墙了,游戏结束\n");break;case KILL_BY_SELF:printf("很遗憾,咬到自己了,游戏结束了\n");break;}PSnakeNode cur = ps->pSnake;PSnakeNode del = NULL;while (cur){del = cur;cur - cur->next;free(del);}free(ps->pFood);ps->pFood = NULL;
}