上一篇文章：CGY-OS 正式开源！_cgy091107的博客-CSDN博客

一、软件编写基础要求

在编写CGY-OS的应用程序之前，您需要：

1. 安装python3.10，配置好CGY-OS。

2.掌握python3的基本语法、lambda表达式、各种简单的数据结构。

3.对python的tkinter库有基本的了解，并使用它编写过简单的应用程序。

4.仔细阅读过上一篇文章。（这很重要！否则后文的传参将让您头疼）

如果您认为您满足此要求，请继续向下翻看。

二、配置CGY-OS

以后再说。u

三、编写第一个“ULoop”程序：numAdder

3.1 “ULoop”和“Loop”：

由于CGY-OS 的GUI控件中，大多（如Button、Entry）都有command参数，所以在处理一些简单的任务（如按下按钮执行一个函数）时，无需一个一直在后台执行的进程处理这些任务，所以我们不需要在应用程序里编写一个类似于cos的oneloop的函数（关于cos.oneloop，参见上一篇文章），这种程序，被称为“ULoop”。

反之，在处理一些复杂的、不能中断的任务（如计时器、游戏）时，我们在程序里必须设置一个在后台一直执行的函数（def run():），这种程序被称为“Loop”。

3.2 编写程序

其实在上一篇文章的2.1中，已经带领大家编写过了一个“ULoop"程序。所以，框架在此不再解释。

在cos\apps新建文件，命名为“numAdder.py”,输入基础框架，并在cos\apps\__init__.py第一行末尾追加“numAdder”（详见见上一篇文章的2.1）。

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cos# 导入包def cosmain():  # 主函数screen = cos.window  # 绑定显示器root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 350, 450, "Basic")  # 创建窗口api_hook(root, 'Basic')  # 绑定窗口

在cos应用程序编写中，最稳妥的方式是先添加控件，再调整root的大小（root的大小基本总是不合适的）。我们现在来添加一个文本框：

def cosmain():  screen = cos.window root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 350, 450, "Basic") entry = Entry(screen, root, 5, 5, 70) #这里entry.pack() #这里api_hook(root, 'Basic')

运行一下（如果您无法运行，请检查cos\apps\__init__.py的第一行的import语句是否包含numAdder、您的文件名称和App_starter中的输入，如果您问我如何在App_starter的文本框内输入，那么请仔细查看上一篇文章，如果还是输入不了，请换Windows+python3.10+高配置并重试几遍），结果如图：

很好！接下来我们在添加一个“+”（使用Label）和另一个文本框。

def cosmain():screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 350, 450, "Basic") entry = Entry(screen, root, 5, 5, 70)entry.pack()Label(screen, root, "+", 83, 5, bg=None).pack() #从这里entry2 = Entry(screen, root, 100, 5, 70)entry2.pack()                                   #到这里api_hook(root, 'Basic')

对于像“+”这样既不获取其值，又不对其加以改变的控件，我们可以不使用变量，直接调用其pack方法（学过tkinter的都懂）。运行结果如图：

在创建一个calc函数（函数体为空）和一个按钮、一个状态栏（就是label），并将calc绑定到按钮和文本框中。

def cosmain():def calc(): #这里passscreen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 350, 450, "Basic")entry = Entry(screen, root, 5, 5, 70, command=calc)#这里entry.pack()Label(screen, root, "+", 83, 5, bg=None).pack()entry2 = Entry(screen, root, 100, 5, 70, command=calc)#这里entry2.pack()Button(screen, root, "Calc", 175, 5, 45, command=calc).pack()#从这里label = Label(screen, root, "Welcome!", 5, 35, bg=None)label.pack()                                                 #到这里api_hook(root, 'Basic')

接下来可以更改窗口了。

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cosdef cosmain():def calc():passscreen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 230, 55, "numAdder") #这里entry = Entry(screen, root, 5, 5, 70, command=calc)entry.pack()Label(screen, root, "+", 83, 5, bg=None).pack()entry2 = Entry(screen, root, 100, 5, 70, command=calc)entry2.pack()Button(screen, root, "Calc", 175, 5, 45, command=calc).pack()label = Label(screen, root, "Welcome!", 5, 35, bg=None)label.pack()api_hook(root, 'numAdder') #这里

至此，UI界面编写完成。运行结果：

接下来编写运算函数，先获取两数的值并相加、显示：

    def calc():num1 = int(entry.get())num2 = int(entry2.get())ans = num1 + num2label.config(text=f"{num1}+{num2}={ans}", fg=blue) #使用蓝色显示答案

再运行一下：

很好，没有问题，但是当我们输入非数字时……

cos崩溃了。我们必须避免这种问题，解决方案当然是try...except...语句。

    def calc():try:num1 = int(entry.get())num2 = int(entry2.get())except ValueError:label.config(text="Must be a number.", fg=red)else:ans = num1 + num2label.config(text=f"{num1}+{num2}={ans}", fg=blue)  # 使用蓝色显示答案

再试一次，就没有问题了！

3.3 Label.maxlenth 体验 & 程序优化

当我们输入的数过长时，label的显示会出现问题：

接下来让我们解决这种问题。

方法1：长度限制：因为Entry没有maxlenth之类的参数（当然以后会有），所以我们只能在程序中限制：

    def calc():try:num1 = int(entry.get())num2 = int(entry2.get())except ValueError:label.config(text="Must be a number.", fg=red)else:if len(entry.get()) > 10 or len(entry2.get()) > 10:label.config(text="Number's length mustn't bigger than 10.", fg=red)else:ans = num1 + num2label.config(text=f"{num1}+{num2}={ans}", fg=blue)  # 使用蓝色显示答案

运行结果：

好吧，这样也超了，所以我们才需要第二种方案:

方法2：更改cosmain中的这一行代码，然后查看结果：


def cosmain():def calc():try:num1 = int(entry.get())num2 = int(entry2.get())except ValueError:label.config(text="Must be a number.", fg=red)else:if len(entry.get()) > 10 or len(entry2.get()) > 10:label.config(text="Number's length mustn't bigger than 10.", fg=red)else:ans = num1 + num2label.config(text=f"{num1}+{num2}={ans}", fg=blue)  # 使用蓝色显示答案screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 230, 80, "numAdder")##这里！（80原来是55）entry = Entry(screen, root, 5, 5, 70, command=calc)entry.pack()Label(screen, root, "+", 83, 5, bg=None).pack()entry2 = Entry(screen, root, 100, 5, 70, command=calc)entry2.pack()Button(screen, root, "Calc", 175, 5, 45, command=calc).pack()
######################################################这里！！！label = Label(screen, root, "Welcome!", 5, 35, bg=None, maxlength=20) #这里！label.pack()api_hook(root, 'numAdder')

再次运行呢？

我们看到它自动换行了。这是Label的高级功能。

3.4 恭喜！

恭喜！！！您已经成功的做出了一个安全的、完整的、实用的CGY-OS应用程序了！

附上源代码：

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cosdef cosmain():def calc():try:num1 = int(entry.get())num2 = int(entry2.get())except ValueError:label.config(text="Must be a number.", fg=red)else:if len(entry.get()) > 10 or len(entry2.get()) > 10:label.config(text="Number's length mustn't bigger than 10.", fg=red)else:ans = num1 + num2label.config(text=f"{num1}+{num2}={ans}", fg=blue)screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 230, 80, "numAdder")entry = Entry(screen, root, 5, 5, 70, command=calc)entry.pack()Label(screen, root, "+", 83, 5, bg=None).pack()entry2 = Entry(screen, root, 100, 5, 70, command=calc)entry2.pack()Button(screen, root, "Calc", 175, 5, 45, command=calc).pack()label = Label(screen, root, "Welcome!", 5, 35, bg=None, maxlength=20)label.pack()api_hook(root, 'numAdder')

四、编写第一个"Loop"应用程序

4.1 概述

在本程序中，我们要通过canvas控件创建一个动画，动画中，我们每隔0.1秒刷新一次（具体画什么后面自知）。

4.2 编写程序框架

新建文件animation.py(animation为“动画”的英文)，输入应用程序框架，并在cos\apps\__init__.py第一行结尾追加，运行无误后进行下一步。

为了在后台运行我们的进程，我们在cosmain中添加一个run函数，并用root.add_unapply_hook来添加它（之所以用add_unapply_hook，是为了在root隐藏时可以继续运行run函数，虽然本示例用不到它，但是这是一个好的习惯）。

def cosmain():def run():passscreen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 350, 450, "Basic")root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Basic')

重点：run函数要写成oneloop的形式，也就是说它的函数体不是循环，而是循环内的所有代码。

4.3 计时器

计时器类来自cpu.py的Time类，它被apilib间接导入到应用程序中。

我们使用一个程序（直接该animation.py源代码）来说明这个类，这个程序显示一个Label，它从0开始，每一秒增加1.

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cosdef cosmain():def run():nonlocal i  # nonlocal:问你的python老师去if (not timer.is_sleeping()  # 如果上一次计时结束or timer.sec == 0):  # 或者刚刚开始timer.sleep(1)  # 计时1秒i += 1label.config(text=f"{i}")  # 更新screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 55, 30, "Time")timer = Time()i = 0label = Label(screen, root, f"{i}", 5, 5, bg=None)label.pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Time')

运行结果：

4.4 编写程序

我们先把4.3的文件删掉，换成4.2的框架。

我们的GUI编写非常简单，只需要添加一个canvas并改变窗口就可以了。

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cosdef cosmain():def run():passscreen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 200, 200, "Animation")canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 0, 0, 200, 200)canvas.pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Animation')

我们再来添加一个画方块的函数box，并添加一个测试用的按钮来调用它

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cos
import randomdef cosmain():def box(i):pen = canvas.rect(100 - i * 5, 100 - i * 5, i * 10, i * 10,(random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255)))pens.append(pen)def run():passpens = []screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 200, 200, "Animation")canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 0, 0, 200, 200)canvas.pack()Button(screen, root, "test", 5, 5, 45, lambda: box(15)).pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Animation')

点击按钮，屏幕上出现了一个颜色随机的正方形。

接下来，我们删除button，参考4.3中的内容，使run函数每隔0.5秒执行一次（i先传参15）：

def cosmain():def box(i):pen = canvas.rect(100 - i * 5, 100 - i * 5, i * 10, i * 10,(random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255)))pens.append(pen)def run():if not timer.is_sleeping() or timer.sec==0:timer.sleep(0.5)box(15)pens = []screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 200, 200, "Animation")timer = Time()canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 0, 0, 200, 200)canvas.pack()# Button(screen, root, "test", 5, 5, 45, lambda: box(15)).pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Animation')

我们在增加一个i变量，从20开始，每0.5秒减少1，直到为0为止。

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cos
import randomdef cosmain():def box(i):pen = canvas.rect(100 - i * 5, 100 - i * 5, i * 10, i * 10,(random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255)))pens.append(pen)def run():nonlocal iif not timer.is_sleeping() or timer.sec == 0:timer.sleep(0.5)if i != 0: box(i)i -= 1pens = []i = 20screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 200, 200, "Animation")timer = Time()canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 0, 0, 200, 200)canvas.pack()# Button(screen, root, "test", 5, 5, 45, lambda: box(15)).pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Animation')

运行结果：

接下来，我们增加一个功能：在i=0(结束绘图)是将所有正方形从外到内删除，直到画布为空白。

def cosmain():def box(i):pen = canvas.rect(100 - i * 5, 100 - i * 5, i * 10, i * 10,(random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255)))pens.append(pen)def run():nonlocal i, flagif not timer.is_sleeping() or timer.sec == 0:timer.sleep(0.5)if not flag:  # 没有停止过if i != 0:box(i)i -= 1else:flag = Trueelse:if len(pens) != 0:  # 如果还有绘图句柄：canvas.remove_pen(pens[0])pens.pop(0)  # 删除第一个元素pens = []i = 20flag = False  # 是否停止screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 200, 200, "Animation")timer = Time()canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 0, 0, 200, 200)canvas.pack()# Button(screen, root, "test", 5, 5, 45, lambda: box(15)).pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Animation')

我们来实现最后一个功能：动画循环播放（说白了只用增加3行代码）：

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cos
import randomdef cosmain():def box(i):pen = canvas.rect(100 - i * 5, 100 - i * 5, i * 10, i * 10,(random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255), random.randint(0, 255)))pens.append(pen)def run():nonlocal i, flagif not timer.is_sleeping() or timer.sec == 0:timer.sleep(0.5)if not flag:  # 没有停止过if i != 0:box(i)i -= 1else:flag = Trueelse:if len(pens) != 0:  # 如果还有绘图句柄：canvas.remove_pen(pens[0])pens.pop(0)  # 删除第一个元素else:  # 从这里flag = Falsei = 20  # 到这里pens = []i = 20flag = False  # 是否停止screen = cos.windowroot = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 200, 200, "Animation")timer = Time()canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 0, 0, 200, 200)canvas.pack()# Button(screen, root, "test", 5, 5, 45, lambda: box(15)).pack()root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Animation')

最后，将timer.sleep中的数据减小一点“timer.sleep(0.5)”—>"timer.sleep(0.05)",观看效果——完美！

4.5 恭喜

恭喜又完成了一件大作！相信您在此时一定收获颇多。CGY-OS的程序就是这么简单，只要可以熟练使用库就好了。

下一节，我们将制作一个GUI设计很有挑战性的程序：计算器。

五、计算器

5.1 原理、ui

让我们先打开python控制台，输入以下代码：

eval("57+38-10*(5-4)")

输出：85

所以eval表达式可以计算一个Python语句（表达式）的值。通过这个，我们可以通过追加表达式的方法实现计算的功能，此思路和大部分计算器的编写思路是一样的。

顺便说一句，因为cos内核过于简单，UI功能有限，所以我们的ui长这样（漂亮吧！）：

5.2 Python实现

这次改规矩了，先写函数，再写UI。

import cos
from apilib import *
from classes import *def cosmain():def update(x): #将x追加到evaler后面nonlocal evalerif evaler != '0':evaler += xelse:evaler = xdef backspace(): #退格nonlocal evalerif evaler != '0' and evaler != '':evaler = evaler[:-1]if evaler == '':evaler = '0'def c():#清零nonlocal evalerevaler = '0'def calc(): #计算nonlocal evalertry:int(eval(evaler)) #使用eval计算和试错except(SyntaxError, Exception):pass #先不管他finally:evaler = '0' #怎么着都得重置screen = cos.windowevaler = "0" #数学表达式root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 270, 65, "calc")api_hook(root, 'calc')

注释很清楚，写过计算器的应该都能看懂。

再加一个Label：

def cosmain():def update(x):nonlocal evalerif evaler != '0':evaler += xelse:evaler = xif len(evaler) < len("Error:Invalid expression."):label.config(text=evaler, fg=black)#成功增加else:label.config(text="Error:Line too long.", fg=red)#失败（太长了）def backspace():nonlocal evalerif evaler != '0' and evaler != '':evaler = evaler[:-1]if evaler == '':evaler = '0'label.config(text=evaler, fg=black)#成功def c():nonlocal evalerevaler = '0'label.config(text=evaler, fg=black)#成功def calc():nonlocal evalertry:label.config(text=f"={int(eval(evaler))}", fg=green) #成功except(SyntaxError, Exception):label.config("Error:Invalid expression.", fg=red) #语法错误finally:evaler = '0'screen = cos.windowevaler = "0"root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 270, 65, "calc")Canvas(screen, root, 5, 5, 260, 15).pack()#为了使背景为白色，增加一个白色的canvas（正方形）label = Label(screen, root, evaler, 5, 5)label.pack()api_hook(root, 'calc')

最后一堆按钮：

    Button(screen, root, "C", 5, 25, 10, lambda: c()).pack()Button(screen, root, "1", 20, 25, 10, lambda: update('1')).pack()Button(screen, root, "2", 35, 25, 10, lambda: update('2')).pack()Button(screen, root, "3", 50, 25, 10, lambda: update('3')).pack()Button(screen, root, "4", 65, 25, 10, lambda: update('4')).pack()Button(screen, root, "5", 80, 25, 10, lambda: update('5')).pack()Button(screen, root, "6", 95, 25, 10, lambda: update('6')).pack()Button(screen, root, "7", 110, 25, 10, lambda: update('7')).pack()Button(screen, root, "8", 125, 25, 10, lambda: update('8')).pack()Button(screen, root, "9", 140, 25, 10, lambda: update('9')).pack()Button(screen, root, "0", 155, 25, 10, lambda: update('0')).pack()Button(screen, root, "BackSpace", 170, 25, 95, lambda: backspace()).pack()Button(screen, root, "+", 5, 45, 10, lambda: update('+')).pack()Button(screen, root, "-", 20, 45, 10, lambda: update('-')).pack()Button(screen, root, "*", 35, 45, 10, lambda: update('*')).pack()Button(screen, root, "/", 50, 45, 10, lambda: update('/')).pack()Button(screen, root, "%", 65, 45, 10, lambda: update('%')).pack()Button(screen, root, "//", 80, 45, 20, lambda: update('//')).pack()Button(screen, root, "(", 105, 45, 10, lambda: update('(')).pack()Button(screen, root, ")", 120, 45, 10, lambda: update(')')).pack()Button(screen, root, "Calc it!", 135, 45, 85, lambda: calc()).pack()

5.3 恭喜！

计算器这个程序虽然简单，但意义非凡，它代表着CGY-OS在不断地向实用的操作系统买进！

本节写的简单了一些，以后也只会越来越简单。

全部源码：

import cos
from apilib import *
from classes import *def cosmain():def update(x):nonlocal evalerif evaler != '0':evaler += xelse:evaler = xif len(evaler) < len("Error:Invalid expression."):label.config(text=evaler, fg=black)else:label.config(text="Error:Line too long.", fg=red)def backspace():nonlocal evalerif evaler != '0' and evaler != '':evaler = evaler[:-1]if evaler == '':evaler = '0'label.config(text=evaler, fg=black)def c():nonlocal evalerevaler = '0'label.config(text=evaler, fg=black)def calc():nonlocal evalertry:label.config(text=f"={int(eval(evaler))}", fg=green)except(SyntaxError, Exception):label.config("Error:Invalid expression.", fg=red)finally:evaler = '0'screen = cos.windowevaler = "0"root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 270, 65, "calc")Canvas(screen, root, 5, 5, 260, 15).pack()label = Label(screen, root, evaler, 5, 5)label.pack()Button(screen, root, "C", 5, 25, 10, lambda: c()).pack()Button(screen, root, "1", 20, 25, 10, lambda: update('1')).pack()Button(screen, root, "2", 35, 25, 10, lambda: update('2')).pack()Button(screen, root, "3", 50, 25, 10, lambda: update('3')).pack()Button(screen, root, "4", 65, 25, 10, lambda: update('4')).pack()Button(screen, root, "5", 80, 25, 10, lambda: update('5')).pack()Button(screen, root, "6", 95, 25, 10, lambda: update('6')).pack()Button(screen, root, "7", 110, 25, 10, lambda: update('7')).pack()Button(screen, root, "8", 125, 25, 10, lambda: update('8')).pack()Button(screen, root, "9", 140, 25, 10, lambda: update('9')).pack()Button(screen, root, "0", 155, 25, 10, lambda: update('0')).pack()Button(screen, root, "BackSpace", 170, 25, 95, lambda: backspace()).pack()Button(screen, root, "+", 5, 45, 10, lambda: update('+')).pack()Button(screen, root, "-", 20, 45, 10, lambda: update('-')).pack()Button(screen, root, "*", 35, 45, 10, lambda: update('*')).pack()Button(screen, root, "/", 50, 45, 10, lambda: update('/')).pack()Button(screen, root, "%", 65, 45, 10, lambda: update('%')).pack()Button(screen, root, "//", 80, 45, 20, lambda: update('//')).pack()Button(screen, root, "(", 105, 45, 10, lambda: update('(')).pack()Button(screen, root, ")", 120, 45, 10, lambda: update(')')).pack()Button(screen, root, "Calc it!", 135, 45, 85, lambda: calc()).pack()api_hook(root, 'calc')

六、“超级画板”

6.1 一个新的类

为了使这个应用程序可以使用，我专门写了一个新的类：ImageButton,它为Button的子类。

class ImageButton(Button):def __init__(self, screen, root, img, x, y, w, h, table, command, bg=lightgray):super().__init__(screen, root, "", x, y, w, command, bg)self.image = imgself.table = tableself.h = hdef printImg(self):for i in range(len(self.image)):for j in range(len(self.image[i])):if self.table[self.image[i][j]] is not None:Io.io_put_point(self.screen, self.x + self.root.x + j, self.y + self.root.y + i,self.table[self.image[i][j]])def config(self, x=None, y=None, w=None, h=None, command=None, fg=None, bg=None, image=None, table=None):if x is not None:self.x = xif y is not None:self.y = yif w is not None:self.w = wif h is not None:self.h = hif command is not None:self.command = commandif fg is not None:self.fg = fgif bg is not None:self.bg = bgif image is not None:self.image = imageif table is not None:self.table = tabledef draw(self):global s_modemx, my = pygame.mouse.get_pos()if self.check_click(mx, my):Io.io_put_box(self.screen, self.x - 1 + self.root.x, self.y - 1 + self.root.y, self.w + 1, self.h + 1,black)Io.io_put_box(self.screen, self.x + self.root.x, self.y + self.root.y, self.w + 1, self.h + 1, white)Io.io_put_box(self.screen, self.x + self.root.x, self.y + self.root.y, self.w, self.h, self.bg)self.printImg()else:Io.io_put_box(self.screen, self.x - 1 + self.root.x, self.y - 1 + self.root.y, self.w + 1, self.h + 1,white)Io.io_put_box(self.screen, self.x + self.root.x, self.y + self.root.y, self.w + 1, self.h + 1, black)Io.io_put_box(self.screen, self.x + self.root.x, self.y + self.root.y, self.w, self.h, self.bg)self.printImg()if self.on(mx, my):cell.m_state = mouse3s_mode = Trueif self.runcmd() and self.check_click(mx, my):self.command()

这里说一下：img是一个二维数组，table是一个字典，用于描述img的颜色。

有了类就要有图片，前面说了，img是二维数组，所以图片都写在代码里：

image0 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image1 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image2 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image3 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image4 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]

6.2 代码

没错，直接上代码，说都懒得说……

先来UI:

def cosmain():def changeColor(color, iten):passdef clear():passdef widthUpdate(num):passscreen = cos.windowpen_color = blackwidth = 5root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 450, 450, "Draw")canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 30, 0, 420, 450)canvas.pack()btn_green = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 5, 16, 16, {0: "green", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(green, btn_green))btn_green.pack()btn_red = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 25, 16, 16, {0: "red", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(red, btn_red))btn_red.pack()btn_black = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 45, 16, 16, {0: "black", 1: "white"},lambda: changeColor(black, btn_black))btn_black.pack()btn_yellow = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 65, 16, 16, {0: "yellow", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(yellow, btn_yellow))btn_yellow.pack()btn_blue = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 85, 16, 16, {0: "blue", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(blue, btn_blue))btn_blue.pack()btn_lightblue = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 105, 16, 16, {0: "lightblue", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(lightblue, btn_lightblue))btn_lightblue.pack()btn_orange = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 125, 16, 16, {0: "orange", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(orange, btn_orange))btn_orange.pack()btn_purple = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 145, 16, 16, {0: "purple", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(purple, btn_purple))btn_purple.pack()btn_pink = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 165, 16, 16, {0: "pink", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(pink, btn_pink))btn_pink.pack()bth_clear = ImageButton(screen, root, image2, 5, 185, 16, 16, {0: None, 1: "black"}, clear)bth_clear.pack()bth_up = ImageButton(screen, root, image3, 5, 205, 16, 10, {0: None, 1: 'black'}, command=lambda: widthUpdate(1))bth_up.pack()label = Label(screen, root, str(width).zfill(2), 5, 220, bg=None)  # zfill为补零的小技巧label.pack()bth_down = ImageButton(screen, root, image4, 5, 240, 16, 10, {0: None, 1: 'black'}, command=lambda: widthUpdate(-1))bth_down.pack()buttons = [btn_pink, btn_purple, btn_orange, btn_lightblue, btn_blue, btn_yellow, btn_black, btn_red, btn_green]def run():passroot.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Drawer')

再上逻辑：

    def changeColor(color, iten):nonlocal pen_colorpen_color = coloriten.config(image=image1)for i in buttons:if i is iten: continuei.config(image=image0)def clear():canvas.remove_all()def widthUpdate(num):nonlocal widthif 3 <= width + num <= 50:width += numlabel.config(text=str(width).zfill(2))
#……def run():is_on, mx, my = canvas.mouse_is_on()if is_on and Io.io_check_mouse()[0]:canvas.rect(mx + 15 + 8, my - 15 + 8, width, width, pen_color)

最后把全部代码一上：

from apilib import *
from classes import *
import cos
import hankakuimage0 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image1 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image2 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image3 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]
image4 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
]def cosmain():def changeColor(color, iten):nonlocal pen_colorpen_color = coloriten.config(image=image1)for i in buttons:if i is iten: continuei.config(image=image0)def clear():canvas.remove_all()def widthUpdate(num):nonlocal widthif 3 <= width + num <= 50:width += numlabel.config(text=str(width).zfill(2))screen = cos.windowpen_color = blackwidth = 5root = Tk(screen, 10, 105, 450, 450, "Draw")canvas = Canvas(screen, root, 30, 0, 420, 450)canvas.pack()btn_green = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 5, 16, 16, {0: "green", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(green, btn_green))btn_green.pack()btn_red = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 25, 16, 16, {0: "red", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(red, btn_red))btn_red.pack()btn_black = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 45, 16, 16, {0: "black", 1: "white"},lambda: changeColor(black, btn_black))btn_black.pack()btn_yellow = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 65, 16, 16, {0: "yellow", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(yellow, btn_yellow))btn_yellow.pack()btn_blue = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 85, 16, 16, {0: "blue", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(blue, btn_blue))btn_blue.pack()btn_lightblue = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 105, 16, 16, {0: "lightblue", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(lightblue, btn_lightblue))btn_lightblue.pack()btn_orange = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 125, 16, 16, {0: "orange", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(orange, btn_orange))btn_orange.pack()btn_purple = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 145, 16, 16, {0: "purple", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(purple, btn_purple))btn_purple.pack()btn_pink = ImageButton(screen, root, image0, 5, 165, 16, 16, {0: "pink", 1: "black"},lambda: changeColor(pink, btn_pink))btn_pink.pack()bth_clear = ImageButton(screen, root, image2, 5, 185, 16, 16, {0: None, 1: "black"}, clear)bth_clear.pack()bth_up = ImageButton(screen, root, image3, 5, 205, 16, 10, {0: None, 1: 'black'}, command=lambda: widthUpdate(1))bth_up.pack()label = Label(screen, root, str(width).zfill(2), 5, 220, bg=None)  # zfill为补零的小技巧label.pack()bth_down = ImageButton(screen, root, image4, 5, 240, 16, 10, {0: None, 1: 'black'}, command=lambda: widthUpdate(-1))bth_down.pack()buttons = [btn_pink, btn_purple, btn_orange, btn_lightblue, btn_blue, btn_yellow, btn_black, btn_red, btn_green]def run():is_on, mx, my = canvas.mouse_is_on()if is_on and Io.io_check_mouse()[0]:canvas.rect(mx + 15 + 8, my - 15 + 8, width, width, pen_color)root.add_unapply_hook(run)api_hook(root, 'Drawer')

唉，越来越懒了……