在 debian 12 上安装 mysqlclient 报错

报错如下

Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Collecting mysqlclientUsing cached https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/61/68/810093cb579daae426794bbd9d88aa830fae296e85172d18cb0f0e5dd4bc/mysqlclient-2.2.7.tar.gz (91 kB)Installing build dependencies ... doneGetting requirements to build wheel ... errorerror: subprocess-exited-with-error× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.│ exit code: 1╰─> [29 lines of output]Trying pkg-config --exists mysqlclientCommand 'pkg-config --exists mysqlclient' returned non-zero exit status 1.Trying pkg-config --exists mariadbCommand 'pkg-config --exists mariadb' returned non-zero exit status 1.Trying pkg-config --exists libmariadbCommand 'pkg-config --exists libmariadb' returned non-zero exit status 1.Trying pkg-config --exists perconaserverclientCommand 'pkg-config --exists perconaserverclient' returned non-zero exit status 1.Traceback (most recent call last):File "/root/miniconda3/envs/shop/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 389, in <module>main()File "/root/miniconda3/envs/shop/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 373, in mainjson_out["return_val"] = hook(**hook_input["kwargs"])^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^File "/root/miniconda3/envs/shop/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 143, in get_requires_for_build_wheelreturn hook(config_settings)^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^File "/tmp/pip-build-env-ugykwsgl/overlay/lib/python3.12/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 334, in get_requires_for_build_wheelreturn self._get_build_requires(config_settings, requirements=[])^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^File "/tmp/pip-build-env-ugykwsgl/overlay/lib/python3.12/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 304, in _get_build_requiresself.run_setup()File "/tmp/pip-build-env-ugykwsgl/overlay/lib/python3.12/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 320, in run_setupexec(code, locals())File "<string>", line 156, in <module>File "<string>", line 49, in get_config_posixFile "<string>", line 28, in find_package_nameException: Can not find valid pkg-config name.Specify MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS and MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS env vars manually[end of output]note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

报错原因

在 Debian 12 系统上安装 mysqlclient 报错的原因通常是系统缺少必要的依赖库，无法正确编译 mysqlclient。

解决方案

安装系统依赖

mysqlclient 需要一些开发库来进行编译和运行，确保安装以下软件包：
```
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y build-essential python3-dev default-libmysqlclient-dev
```
- build-essential：用于提供 C/C++ 编译器和其他工具。
- python3-dev：Python 的开发头文件。
- default-libmysqlclient-dev：MySQL 客户端开发库，提供编译所需的头文件和库。
使用 pip 安装 mysqlclient
- 确保你的 Python 环境正确，并尝试重新安装 mysqlclient：
```
pip install mysqlclient
```
- 如果你使用的是特定 Python 版本（例如系统中有多个 Python 版本），请确保你使用的是正确的 pip：
```
python3 -m pip install mysqlclient
```
检查 MySQL 或 MariaDB 是否已安装（可选）
- 如果你的项目需要连接到 MySQL 或 MariaDB，请确保数据库已安装并运行。如果尚未安装，可以使用以下命令安装 MySQL 服务器：
```
sudo apt install -y mysql-server
```
- 如果使用 MariaDB：
```
sudo apt install -y mariadb-server
```
设置环境变量（如果仍然失败）
- 如果依然报错提示 Specify MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS and MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS env vars manually，可以手动设置编译环境变量：
```
export MYSQLCLIENT_CFLAGS=$(mysql_config --cflags)
export MYSQLCLIENT_LDFLAGS=$(mysql_config --libs)
```
- 然后再次尝试安装：
```
pip install mysqlclient
```
使用预编译的二进制包（可选）
- 如果你的环境不需要编译，从 PyPI 安装预编译的 mysqlclient 二进制包可以避免依赖问题：
```
pip install --only-binary :all: mysqlclient
```
确保 Python 环境干净
- 如果你使用的是 conda 或虚拟环境，建议在干净的环境中重新尝试。例如：
```
conda create -n myenv python=3.12
conda activate myenv
pip install mysqlclient
```
- 通过以上步骤，应该可以成功安装 mysqlclient。如果问题仍未解决，可以提供更多信息，我将进一步协助！