Linux CentOS 8（HTTPS的配置与管理）

---

---

一、HTTPS 介绍

HTTPS 在 HTTP 的基础下加入 SSL，SSL 是“Secure Sockets Layer”的缩写，中文为“安全套接层”。因此 HTTPS 是以安全为目标的 HTTP 通道，在 HTTP 的基础上通过传输加密和身份认证保证了传输过程的安全性。 因此 SSL 证书的两大作用是数据加密和身份认证。

二、SSL 证书的介绍

SSL 证书遵循 SSL 协议，通过在客户端浏览器和 Web 服务器之间建立一条 SSL 安全通道。一个有效、可信的 SSL 数字证书包括一个公共密钥和一个私用密钥。公共密钥用于加密信息，私用密钥用于解译加密的信息。因此，客户机浏览器指向一个安全域时，SSL 将同步确认服务器和客户端，并创建一种加密方式和一个唯一的会话密钥。它们可以启动一个保证消息的隐私性和完整性的安全会话。

三、实验配置

1、安装 openssl 软件包

[root@www test]# yum -y install openssl

2、查看openssl.cnf文件，如图1-1所示。

[root@www ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf

3、创建index.txt和serial文件

[root@www ~]# ls /etc/pki/tls/CA  ct_log_list.cnf  misc  openssl.cnf  certs   newcerts  private  
[root@www ~]# touch /etc/pki/tls/index.txt
[root@www ~]# echo 01 > /etc/pki/tls/serial
[root@www ~]# ls /etc/pki/tls/
CA  ct_log_list.cnf  misc  openssl.cnf  serial certs index.txt  newcerts  private 

4、安装mod_ssl模块

[root@www ~]# yum -y install mod_ssl
[root@www ~]# ls /etc/httpd/conf.d/
autoindex.conf  htpasswd  httpd-vhosts.conf  README  ssl.conf  userdir.conf  welcome.conf
//生成了ssl.conf配置文件

5、修改ssl.conf文件

[root@www ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"                       
//访问的目录路径
SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/server.crt           
//证书的路径
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/server.key
//证书私钥文件的路径

6、生成证书
创建并切换到指定目录下（ssl.conf文件中证书所在位置）

[root@www ssl]# cd /etc/httpd/ssl

创建私钥文件

[root@www ssl]# openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
e is 65537 (0x010001)
Enter pass phrase for server.key:
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for server.key:

创建证书签署请求

[root@www ssl]# openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
Enter pass phrase for server.key:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:GD
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:GZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Jan16
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Technology
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.example.com
Email Address []:www.jan16.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:jan16
An optional company name []:jan16

创建自签证书

[root@www ssl]# openssl req -new -x509 -key server.key -out ca.crt -days 3650
Enter pass phrase for server.key:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:GD
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:GZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Jan16
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Technology
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.example.com
Email Address []:www.jan16.com 

签发证书

[root@www ssl]# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey server.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt
Signature ok
subject=C = cn, ST = gz, L = th, O = jan16, OU = t, CN = www.example.com, emailAddress = 11.com
Getting CA Private Key
Enter pass phrase for server.key:

7、重启服务

[root@www ssl]# systemctl restart httpd
Enter TLS private key passphrase for www.example.com:443 (RSA) : **********

8、验证

[root@www httpd]# cat /var/www/html/index.html
This is my website!!

显示当前网站不安全，如图2-1所示。

点击设置中的【首选项】，导入证书，如图2-2所示。

点击【隐私与安全】，查看证书，如图2-3所示。

点击导入，如图2-4所示。

切换到对应的目录，选择ca.crt 证书，如图2-5所示。

勾选【信任由此证书颁发机构来标识网址】和【信任由此证书颁发机构来标识电子邮件用户】两个选项，点击【确定】，如图2-6所示。

刷新网站，能成功访问，如图2-7所示。

---

制作成员： 何嘉愉
排版： 裕新
初审： 杨佳佳
复审： 二月二