数据备份及恢复
1.概述
所有备份数据都应放在非数据库本地,而且建议有多份副本
备份: 能够防止由于机械故障以及人为误操作带来的数据丢失,例如将数据库文件保存在了其它地方
冗余: 数据有多份冗余,但不等备份,只能防止机械故障还来的数据丢失,例如主备模式、数据库集群
备份考虑的因素:
数据的一致性
服务的可用性
分类:
逻辑备份
备份的是建表、建库、插入等操作所执行SQL语句;适用于中小型数据库,效率相对较低(mysqldump,binlog日志)
物理备份
直接复制数据库文件,适用于大型数据库环境,不受存储引擎的限制,但不能恢复到不同的MySQL版本(tar、xtrabackup)
备份方式分类:
完全备份
备份所有数据
增量备份
每次备份上一次备份到现在产生的新数据
差异备份
只备份跟完整备份不一样的
备份方案:
①完全备份+增量备份
设定一个周期(一周或一月),每周一对数据完整备份,周二到周天做增量备份,定期清理旧的数据,只保留最新的若干份
②完全备份+差异备份
设定一个周期(一周或一月),每周一对数据完整备份,周二到周天做差异备份(以周一的完整备份为基准),定期清理旧的数据,只保留最新的若干份
2.tar备份
注意:备份期间,服务不可用
备份过程:完全物理备份
停止数据库
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
tar备份数据
[root@xingdian ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@xingdian ~]# cd /var/lib/mysql
[root@xingdian ~]# tar -zcvf /backup/`date +%F`-mysql-all.tar.gz ./*
启动数据库(备份完成后启动数据库,继续为其他服务提供服务)
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl start mysqld
恢复过程:模拟数据丢失,恢复数据
停止数据库
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
清理环境
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
导入备份数据
[root@xingdian ~]# tar -xvf /backup/2019-08-20-mysql-all.tar.gz -C /usr/lib/mysql
[root@xingdian ~]# chown mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/* -R
启动数据库(恢复后验证数据是否恢复成功)
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl start mysqld
3.xtrabackup备份
简介:
percona-xtrabackup是开源免费的支持MySQL 数据库热备份的软件;能对InnoDB和XtraDB存储引擎的数据库非阻塞地备份;它不暂停服务创建Innodb热备份;为mysql做增量备份;在mysql服务器之间做在线表迁移;使创建replication更加容易;备份mysql而不增加服务器的负载
安装软件:
[root@xingdian ~]# yum install https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm -y
[root@xingdian ~]# yum install percona-xtrabackup-24 -y
完整备份
创建备份目录:
[root@xingdian ~]# mkdir -p /xtrabackup/full/
备份:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password='QianFeng@123' /xtrabackup/full/
查看备份数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# ls /xtrabackup/full/
2022-09-25_19-40-47
模拟数据丢失数据恢复:(以下操作模拟数据丢失)
丢失前数据库中的数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 7
Server version: 5.7.39 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| t1 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
数据丢失:
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/log/mysqld.log
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/log/mysql-slow/slow.log (有则删除,无则不需要操作)
恢复前的验证:
该步骤主要是验证备份的数据是否可用
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --apply-log /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/
恢复之前需要确认配置文件内有数据库目录指定,不然xtrabackup不知道恢复到哪里
[root@xingdian ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
恢复数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --copy-back /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/
修改权限:
[root@xingdian ~]# chown mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql -R
启动服务:
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl start mysqld
验证:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.39 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| t1 |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
增量备份
原理:每次备份上一次备份到现在产生的新数据
注意:在进行增量备份前先进行完整备份
案例:周一进行全备,周二到周天进行增量备份
完整备份:(周一)
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password='QianFeng@123' /xtrabackup/full
创建增量备份存放数据目录:
[root@xingdian ~]# mkdir /xtrabackup/zeng -p
模拟数据增加(略)
第一次增量备份:(周二)
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password='QianFeng@123' --incremental /xtrabackup/zeng/ --incremental-basedir=/xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/第一次增量备份的数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# ls /xtrabackup/zeng/
2022-09-25_19-56-00
模拟数据增加(略)
第二次增量备份:(周三)
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password='QianFeng@123' --incremental /xtrabackup/zeng/ --incremental-basedir=/xtrabackup/zeng/2022-09-25_19-56-00/第二次增量备份的数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# ls /xtrabackup/zeng/
2022-09-25_19-56-00 2022-09-25_19-58-12
后面的增量备份重复上面的操作(略)
增量备份数据恢复流程:(需要模拟数据的丢失)
停止数据库:
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
删除数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/log/mysqld.log其他数据根据实际情况删除
依次重演回滚:
全备回滚:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/第一次增量回滚:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/ --incremental-dir=/xtrabackup/zeng/2022-09-25_19-56-00/第二次增量回滚:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/ --incremental-dir=/xtrabackup/zeng/2022-09-25_19-58-12/根据实际增量备份的次数回滚,可以想恢复到那个时间节点就回滚到那个时间节点,所有的回滚都给全备
恢复数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --copy-back /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_19-40-47/
修改权限:
[root@xingdian ~]# chown mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql -R
启动数据库:
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl start mysqld
验证:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.39 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| t1 |
| t2 |
| t3 |
+--------------------+
差异备份
原理:只备份跟完整备份不一样的
注意:在进行增量备份前先进行完整备份
案例:周一进行全备,周二到周天进行差异备份
完整备份:(周一)
[root@xingdian ~]# mkdir -p /xtrabackup/full
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=QianFeng@123 /xtrabackup/full
模拟数据增加(略)
第一次差异备份:(周二)
[root@xingdian ~]# mkdir -p /xtrabackup/jian
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=QianFeng@123 --incremental /xtrabackup/jian --incremental-basedir=/xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_20-10-52/查看第一次差异备份的数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# ls /xtrabackup/jian/
2022-09-25_20-12-55
模拟数据增加(略)
第二次差异备份:(周三)
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=QianFeng@123 --incremental /xtrabackup/jian --incremental-basedir=/xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_20-10-52/查看第二次差异备份的数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# ls /xtrabackup/jian/
2022-09-25_20-12-55 2022-09-25_20-14-32注意:后面的差异备份跟之前一样,根据需求可以继续差异备份
差异备份恢复流程:(模拟数据丢失)
停止数据库:
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
删除数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
[root@xingdian ~]# rm -rf /var/log/mysqld.log
重演数据回滚:
完整备份回滚:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_20-10-52/差异备份回滚(根据差异备份的原理,如果恢复所有数据只需要将最后依次差异回滚)
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_20-10-52/ --incremental-dir=/xtrabackup/jian/2022-09-25_20-14-32/
恢复数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# innobackupex --copy-back /xtrabackup/full/2022-09-25_20-10-52/
修改权限:
[root@xingdian ~]# chown mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql -R
启动数据库:
[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl start mysqld
数据验证:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.39 MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| k1 |
| k2 |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.mysqldump备份
备份表:(前提有库有表)
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqldump -u root -pQianFeng@123 k1 t1 > /t1.sql
恢复表:(恢复之前模拟数据丢失)
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 k1 < /t1.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
验证:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "use k1;show tables"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------+
| Tables_in_k1 |
+--------------+
| t1 |
+--------------+
备份一个库:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqldump -u root -pQianFeng@123 k1 > /k1.sql
-B 备份多个库:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqldump -u root -pQianFeng@123 -B k1 k2 > /kall.sql
-A 备份所有库:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqldump -u root -pQianFeng@123 -A > /all.sql
数据恢复:
为保证数据一致性,应在恢复数据之前停止数据库对外的服务,停止binlog日志
binlog使用binlog日志恢复数据时也会产生binlog日志(如果开启的话,需要关闭)
mysql> set sql_log_bin=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
模拟数据丢失(略)
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -D k1 < /k1.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1049 (42000): Unknown database 'k1'
出现该错误是因为在恢复的时候需要有库的存在[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "create database k1"
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -D k1 < /k1.sql [root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "create database k1"
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "create database k2"
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -D k1 k2 < /kall.sql或者
mysql> source /k1.sql
验证:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "use k1; show tables;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------+
| Tables_in_k1 |
+--------------+
| t1 |
+--------------+
[root@xingdian ~]# mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "use k2; show tables;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------+
| Tables_in_k2 |
+--------------+
| t1 |
+--------------+
5.binlog日志备份
原理:日志方法备份恢复数据
日志默认存储位置:
rpm : /var/lib/mysql
编译: 安装目录的var下
产生日志:
方式一:编译安装
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqld_safe --log-bin --user=mysql --server-id=1 &查看binlog日志
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqlbinlog slave2-bin.000001 -v --base64-output=decode-rows时间点 : 141126 14:04:49位置点 : at 106
方式二:rpm安装(永久)
[root@xingdian ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
log-bin=mylog
server-id=1 //做主从复制使用[root@xingdian ~]# systemctl restart mysqld查看:
[root@xingdian ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql
auto.cnf client-key.pem ib_logfile1 mysql private_key.pem sys
ca-key.pem ib_buffer_pool ibtmp1 mysql.sock public_key.pem xingdian-bin.index
ca.pem ibdata1 mylog.000001 mysql.sock.lock server-cert.pem xtrabackup_info
client-cert.pem ib_logfile0 mylog.index[root@xingdian ~]# mysqlbinlog /var/lib/mysql/mylog.000001 -v --base64-output=decode-rows
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#220925 21:12:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 123 CRC32 0x52358645 Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.7.39-log created 220925 21:12:47 at startup
# Warning: this binlog is either in use or was not closed properly.
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
# at 123
#220925 21:12:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 154 CRC32 0xa84d8536 Previous-GTIDs
# [empty]
# at 154
#220925 21:13:38 server id 1 end_log_pos 219 CRC32 0xc2b00431 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=1 rbr_only=no
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 219
#220925 21:13:38 server id 1 end_log_pos 307 CRC32 0x635401a5 Query thread_id=2 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1664111618/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=2/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=1436549152/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C utf8 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=8/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
create database t1
/*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;方法二:
mysql> show binlog events in "mylog.000001";
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| mylog.000001 | 4 | Format_desc | 1 | 123 | Server ver: 5.7.39-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
| mylog.000001 | 123 | Previous_gtids | 1 | 154 | |
| mylog.000001 | 154 | Anonymous_Gtid | 1 | 219 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
| mylog.000001 | 219 | Query | 1 | 307 | create database t1 |
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)默认查看第一个
mysql> show binlog events;
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| mylog.000001 | 4 | Format_desc | 1 | 123 | Server ver: 5.7.39-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
| mylog.000001 | 123 | Previous_gtids | 1 | 154 | |
| mylog.000001 | 154 | Anonymous_Gtid | 1 | 219 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
| mylog.000001 | 219 | Query | 1 | 307 | create database t1 |
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
数据恢复:
根据时间点恢复数据:
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-datetime='2022-9-25 21:12:47' --stop-datetime='2022-9-25 21:16:55' /var/lib/mysql/mylog.000001 | mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123
根据位置点恢复数据:
mysql> show binlog events;
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| Log_name | Pos | Event_type | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| mylog.000001 | 4 | Format_desc | 1 | 123 | Server ver: 5.7.39-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
| mylog.000001 | 123 | Previous_gtids | 1 | 154 | |
| mylog.000001 | 154 | Anonymous_Gtid | 1 | 219 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
| mylog.000001 | 219 | Query | 1 | 307 | create database t1 |
| mylog.000001 | 307 | Anonymous_Gtid | 1 | 372 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
| mylog.000001 | 372 | Query | 1 | 453 | drop database t1 |
| mylog.000001 | 453 | Anonymous_Gtid | 1 | 518 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
| mylog.000001 | 518 | Query | 1 | 606 | create database t1 |
| mylog.000001 | 606 | Anonymous_Gtid | 1 | 671 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
| mylog.000001 | 671 | Query | 1 | 752 | drop database t1 |
+--------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
[root@xingdian ~]# mysqlbinlog --start-position 219 --stop-position 307 /var/lib/mysql/mylog.000001 | mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123