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ARC与MRC

苹果在 iOS 5 中引入了ARC（Automatic Reference Counting）自动引用计数内存管理技术，通过LLVM编译器和Runtime协作来进行自动管理内存

LLVM编译器会在编译时在合适的地方为 OC 对象插入retain、release和autorelease代码，省去了在MRC（Manual Reference Counting）手动引用计数下手动插入这些代码的工作，减轻了开发者的工作量

在MRC下，当我们不需要一个对象的时候，要调用release或autorelease方法来释放它:

• 调用release会立即让对象的引用计数减 1 ，如果此时对象的引用计数为 0，对象就会被销毁
• 调用autorelease会将该对象添加进自动释放池中，它会在一个恰当的时刻自动给对象调用release，所以autorelease相当于延迟了对象的释放

项目中的main函数

main函数在整个iOS项目中是一个非常不起眼的函数，却是整个iOS程序的入口

// main.m
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import "AppDelegate.h"int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {NSString * appDelegateClassName;@autoreleasepool { // 自动释放池appDelegateClassName = NSStringFromClass([AppDelegate class]);}return UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, appDelegateClassName);
}

上面main函数的返回值说明，所有的事件、消息全部交给了UIApplication来处理，意味着整个iOS的应用都是包含在一个自动释放池里的

自动释放池

@autoreleasepool {}实现原理

// main.m
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {@autoreleasepool {Person* person = [[[Person alloc] init]];}return 0;
}

我们使用clang命令将main.m文件转换为main.cpp文件，cpp文件内容如下：

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {/* @autoreleasepool */{ __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; Person *person = ((Person *(*)(id, SEL))(void *)objc_msgSend)((id)((Person *(*)(id, SEL))(void *)objc_msgSend)((id)((Person *(*)(id, SEL))(void *)objc_msgSend)((id)objc_getClass("Person"), sel_registerName("alloc")), sel_registerName("init")));}return 0;
}

发现会生成一个__AtAutoreleasePool结构体

struct __AtAutoreleasePool {__AtAutoreleasePool() { // 构造函数，在生成结构体变量的时候调用atautoreleasepoolobj = objc_autoreleasePoolPush();}~__AtAutoreleasePool() { // 析构函数，在结构体销毁的时候调用objc_autoreleasePoolPop(atautoreleasepoolobj);}void * atautoreleasepoolobj;
};

在@autoreleasepool这个块作用域内：

• 开头声明了一个__AtAutoreleasePool结构体类型局部变量，这时会调用构造函数objc_autoreleasePoolPush
• 结尾等作用域结束，局部变量被销毁，调用析构函数objc_autoreleasePoolPop

看一下push和pop的实现：

void *objc_autoreleasePoolPush(void) {// 调用了AutoreleasePoolPage中的push方法return AutoreleasePoolPage::push();
}void objc_autoreleasePoolPop(void *ctxt) {// 调用了AutoreleasePoolPage中的pop方法AutoreleasePoolPage::pop(ctxt);
}

AutoreleasePoolPage

分析一下这个核心的类AutoreleasePoolPage，其本质是AutoreleasePoolPageData类：

#define PAGE_MIN_SHIFT          12
#define PAGE_MIN_SIZE           (1 << PAGE_MIN_SHIFT)class AutoreleasePoolPage : private AutoreleasePoolPageData
{friend struct thread_data_t;public:
// 表示一个空池子
#   define EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER ((AutoreleasePoolPage*)1)
// 哨兵对象
#   define POOL_BOUNDARY nil// 每页的大小static size_t const SIZE =
#if PROTECT_AUTORELEASEPOOLPAGE_MAX_SIZE;  // must be multiple of vm page size
#elsePAGE_MIN_SIZE;  // size and alignment, power of 2
#endifprivate:static pthread_key_t const key = AUTORELEASE_POOL_KEY;static uint8_t const SCRIBBLE = 0xA3;  // 0xA3A3A3A3 after releasingstatic size_t const COUNT = SIZE / sizeof(id);static size_t const MAX_FAULTS = 2;// ....
}// AutoreleasePoolPageData
struct AutoreleasePoolPageData
{
#if SUPPORT_AUTORELEASEPOOL_DEDUP_PTRSstruct AutoreleasePoolEntry {uintptr_t ptr: 48;uintptr_t count: 16;static const uintptr_t maxCount = 65535; // 2^16 - 1};static_assert((AutoreleasePoolEntry){ .ptr = MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS }.ptr == MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS, "MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS doesn't fit into AutoreleasePoolEntry::ptr!");
#endifmagic_t const magic; __unsafe_unretained id *next;pthread_t const thread;AutoreleasePoolPage * const parent; // 指向上一个AutoreleasePoolPage的指针（链表中的第一个为nil）AutoreleasePoolPage *child; // 指向下一个存储AutoreleasePoolPage的指针（链表中的最后一个为nil）// 代表深度，第一个page的depth为0，往后每递增一个page，depth会加1uint32_t const depth;// 表示high water mark（最高水位标记）uint32_t hiwat;AutoreleasePoolPageData(__unsafe_unretained id* _next, pthread_t _thread, AutoreleasePoolPage* _parent, uint32_t _depth, uint32_t _hiwat): magic(), next(_next), thread(_thread),parent(_parent), child(nil),depth(_depth), hiwat(_hiwat){}
};

• PAGE_MIN_SIZE：从AutoreleasePoolPage类中可以看出，每个page对象的大小为1 << 12，即2的12次方，4096字节
• magic：对当前AutoreleasePoolPage 完整性的校验，就是用来判断对象是否完成初始化的一个标志
• next：指向下一个即将产生的autoreleased对象的存放位置（当next == begin()时，表示AutoreleasePoolPage为空；当next == end()时，表示AutoreleasePoolPage已满
• thread：当前线程，表明page与线程有关
• child和parent：表明每个page对象是通过双向链表联系起来的
• depth：代表深度代表深度，第一个page的depth为0，往后每递增一个page，depth会加1
• hiwat：表示high water mark（最高水位标记）

总结

@autoreleasepool底层会生成一个__AtAutoreleasePool变量，此变量内部又会生成objc_autoreleasePoolPush和objc_autoreleasePoolPop两个函数分别在作用域的开始和结尾进行push（入栈）和pop（出栈）操作，这两个操作都是依靠于AutoreleasePoolPage类的，AutoreleasePoolPage是一个双向链表结构

• 当进入@autoreleasepool作用域时，objc_autoreleasePoolPush 方法被调用, runtime 会向当前的 AutoreleasePoolPage 中添加一个 nil 对象作为哨兵对象，并返回该哨兵对象的地址；
• 对象调用autorelease方法，会被加入到对应的的AutoreleasePoolPage中去，next指针类似一个游标，不断变化，记录位置。如果加入的对象超出一页的大小，便会自动加一个新页。
• 当离开@autoreleasepool作用域时，objc_autoreleasePoolPop(哨兵对象地址)方法被调用，其会从当前 page 的 next 指标的上一个元素开始查找, 直到最近一个哨兵对象, 依次向这个范围中的对象发送release消息

因为哨兵对象的存在，自动释放池的嵌套也是满足的，不管是嵌套还是被嵌套的自动释放池，找自己对应的哨兵对象就行了

objc_autoreleasePoolPush的源码分析

objc_autoreleasePoolPush -> AutoreleasePoolPage::push：

// 入栈
static inline void *push() 
{id *dest;if (slowpath(DebugPoolAllocation)) {// Each autorelease pool starts on a new pool page.// 创建一个新的page对象，将POOL_BOUNDARY加进去dest = autoreleaseNewPage(POOL_BOUNDARY);} else {// 已有page对象，快速加入POOL_BOUNDARYdest = autoreleaseFast(POOL_BOUNDARY);}ASSERT(dest == EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER || *dest == POOL_BOUNDARY);return dest;
}

autoreleaseNewPage

如果是一个空池，那么会调用autoreleaseNewPage：

static __attribute__((noinline))
id *autoreleaseNewPage(id obj)
{// 获取当前操作页AutoreleasePoolPage *page = hotPage();// 将POOL_BOUNDARY加到page中（入栈）if (page) return autoreleaseFullPage(obj, page);else return autoreleaseNoPage(obj);
}// 获取当前操作页
static inline AutoreleasePoolPage *hotPage() 
{// 获取当前页AutoreleasePoolPage *result = (AutoreleasePoolPage *)tls_get_direct(key);// 如果是一个空池，则返回nil，否则，返回当前线程的自动释放池if ((id *)result == EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER) return nil;if (result) result->fastcheck();return result;
}

autoreleaseNewPage内部判断有无page，有就调用autoreleaseFullPage将对象压入栈，否则调用autoreleaseNoPage创建新的page，然后再进行压栈操作

autoreleaseFullPage

池子中有page，直接入栈

static __attribute__((noinline))
id *autoreleaseFullPage(id obj, AutoreleasePoolPage *page)
{// The hot page is full. // Step to the next non-full page, adding a new page if necessary.// Then add the object to that page.ASSERT(page == hotPage());ASSERT(page->full()  ||  DebugPoolAllocation);// 循环遍历当前page是否满了do {// 如果子页面存在，则将页面替换为子页面if (page->child) page = page->child;// 如果子页面不存在，则新建页面else page = new AutoreleasePoolPage(page);} while (page->full());// 设置为当前操作pagesetHotPage(page);// 压入栈return page->add(obj);
}// 设置当前操作页
static inline void setHotPage(AutoreleasePoolPage *page) 
{if (page) page->fastcheck();tls_set_direct(key, (void *)page);
}static inline AutoreleasePoolPage *coldPage() 
{AutoreleasePoolPage *result = hotPage();if (result) {while (result->parent) {result = result->parent;result->fastcheck();}}return result;
}

add压栈

id *add(id obj) {assert(!full());unprotect();// 传入对象存储的位置id *ret = next;  // faster than `return next-1` because of aliasing// 将obj压栈到next指针位置，然后进行next++，即下一个对象存储的位置*next++ = obj;protect();return ret;
}

autoreleaseNoPage

池子中无page，创建新的page，再入栈

static __attribute__((noinline))
id *autoreleaseNoPage(id obj)
{// "No page" could mean no pool has been pushed// or an empty placeholder pool has been pushed and has no contents yetASSERT(!hotPage());bool pushExtraBoundary = false;// 判断是否为空占位符，如果是，则将入栈标识为trueif (haveEmptyPoolPlaceholder()) {// We are pushing a second pool over the empty placeholder pool// or pushing the first object into the empty placeholder pool.// Before doing that, push a pool boundary on behalf of the pool // that is currently represented by the empty placeholder.pushExtraBoundary = true;}// 如果不是POOL_BOUNDARY，并且没有pool，则报错else if (obj != POOL_BOUNDARY  &&  DebugMissingPools) {// We are pushing an object with no pool in place, // and no-pool debugging was requested by environment._objc_inform("MISSING POOLS: (%p) Object %p of class %s ""autoreleased with no pool in place - ""just leaking - break on ""objc_autoreleaseNoPool() to debug", objc_thread_self(), (void*)obj, object_getClassName(obj));objc_autoreleaseNoPool(obj);return nil;}// 如果对象是POOL_BOUNDARY，且没有申请自动释放池内存，则设置一个空占位符存储在tls中，其目的是为了节省内存else if (obj == POOL_BOUNDARY  &&  !DebugPoolAllocation) {// We are pushing a pool with no pool in place,// and alloc-per-pool debugging was not requested.// Install and return the empty pool placeholder.return setEmptyPoolPlaceholder();}// We are pushing an object or a non-placeholder'd pool.// Install the first page.// 初始化第一页AutoreleasePoolPage *page = new AutoreleasePoolPage(nil);// 设置为当前页setHotPage(page);// Push a boundary on behalf of the previously-placeholder'd pool.// 如果标识为true，则压入栈if (pushExtraBoundary) {page->add(POOL_BOUNDARY);}// Push the requested object or pool.return page->add(obj);
}

autoreleaseFast

如果一开始就有page页面，不是空池子，那么直接进入到autoreleaseFast，再分别进行判断

static inline id *autoreleaseFast(id obj)
{AutoreleasePoolPage *page = hotPage();if (page && !page->full()) { // 已有page，并且没满return page->add(obj);} else if (page) {// 如果满了，则安排新的pagereturn autoreleaseFullPage(obj, page);} else {// page不存在，新建return autoreleaseNoPage(obj);}
}

总结

• 每一个AutoreleasePoolPage对象都会有一定的存储空间，大概占用4096个字节
• 每一个AutoreleasePoolPage对象内部的成员变量会占56个字节，然后剩余的空间才用来存储autorelease对象
• 每一个@autoreleasePool的开始都会先将POOL_BOUNDARY对象压入栈，然后才开始存储autorelease对象，并且push方法会返回POOL_BOUNDARY对象的内存地址
• 当一个AutoreleasePoolPage对象存满后才会往下一个AutoreleasePoolPage对象里开始存储
• AutoreleasePoolPage对象里面的begin和end分别对应着autorelease对象开始入栈的起始地址和结束地址
• AutoreleasePoolPage对象里面的next指向下一个能存放autorelease对象地址的区域

autorelease方法源码分析

autorelease方法底层会调用objc_object::rootAutorelease()函数

// objc_object::autorelease
inline id 
objc_object::autorelease()
{ASSERT(!isTaggedPointer());if (fastpath(!ISA()->hasCustomRR())) {return rootAutorelease();}return ((id(*)(objc_object *, SEL))objc_msgSend)(this, @selector(autorelease));
}// objc_object::rootAutorelease
inline id 
objc_object::rootAutorelease()
{// 如果是TaggedPointer就返回if (isTaggedPointer()) return (id)this;if (prepareOptimizedReturn(ReturnAtPlus1)) return (id)this;return rootAutorelease2();
}// objc_object::rootAutorelease2
__attribute__((noinline,used))
id 
objc_object::rootAutorelease2()
{ASSERT(!isTaggedPointer());return AutoreleasePoolPage::autorelease((id)this);
}

最后还是会调用到AutoreleasePoolPage的autorelease

static inline id autorelease(id obj)
{ASSERT(!obj->isTaggedPointerOrNil());id *dest __unused = autoreleaseFast(obj);
#if SUPPORT_AUTORELEASEPOOL_DEDUP_PTRSASSERT(!dest  ||  dest == EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER  ||  (id)((AutoreleasePoolEntry *)dest)->ptr == obj);
#elseASSERT(!dest  ||  dest == EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER  ||  *dest == obj);
#endifreturn obj;
}

然后进入到快速压栈，autoreleaseFast进行压栈操作，autoreleasepool只会将调用了autorelease的对象压入栈

autorelease和objc_autoreleasePush的整体分析如下图所示：

objc_autoreleasePoolPop的源码分析

objc_autoreleasePoolPop -> AutoreleasePoolPage::pop：

static inline void
pop(void *token)
{AutoreleasePoolPage *page;id *stop;// 判断是否为空占位符if (token == (void*)EMPTY_POOL_PLACEHOLDER) {// Popping the top-level placeholder pool.// 获取当前页page = hotPage();if (!page) {// Pool was never used. Clear the placeholder.// 如果当前页不存在，则清除空占位符return setHotPage(nil);}// Pool was used. Pop its contents normally.// Pool pages remain allocated for re-use as usual.// 如果当前页存在，则将当前页设置为coldPage,token设置为coldPage的开始位置page = coldPage();token = page->begin();} else {// 获取token所在的pagepage = pageForPointer(token);}stop = (id *)token;// 判断最后一个位置，是否是POOL_BOUNDARYif (*stop != POOL_BOUNDARY) {// 如果不是，即最后一个位置是一个对象if (stop == page->begin()  &&  !page->parent) {// Start of coldest page may correctly not be POOL_BOUNDARY:// 1. top-level pool is popped, leaving the cold page in place// 2. an object is autoreleased with no pool// 如果是第一个位置，且没有父节点，什么也不做} else {// Error. For bincompat purposes this is not // fatal in executables built with old SDKs.// 如果是第一个位置，且有父节点，则出现了混乱return badPop(token);}}if (slowpath(PrintPoolHiwat || DebugPoolAllocation || DebugMissingPools)) {return popPageDebug(token, page, stop);}// 出栈return popPage<false>(token, page, stop);
}

begin和end分别对应着autorelease对象的起始地址和结束地址

// 开始存放autorelease对象的地址：开始地址 + 他本身占用的大小
id * begin() {return (id *) ((uint8_t *)this+sizeof(*this));
}// 结束地址：开始地址 + PAGE_MAX_SIZE
id * end() {return (id *) ((uint8_t *)this+SIZE);
}// coldPage
static inline AutoreleasePoolPage *coldPage() 
{AutoreleasePoolPage *result = hotPage();if (result) {while (result->parent) {result = result->parent;result->fastcheck();}}return result;
}

popPage

template<bool allowDebug>
static void
popPage(void *token, AutoreleasePoolPage *page, id *stop)
{if (allowDebug && PrintPoolHiwat) printHiwat();// 出栈当前操作页面对象page->releaseUntil(stop);// memory: delete empty children// 删除空子项if (allowDebug && DebugPoolAllocation  &&  page->empty()) {// special case: delete everything during page-per-pool debugging// 获取当前页面的父节点AutoreleasePoolPage *parent = page->parent;//删除将当前页面page->kill();// 设置操作页面为父节点页面setHotPage(parent);} else if (allowDebug && DebugMissingPools  &&  page->empty()  &&  !page->parent) {// special case: delete everything for pop(top)// when debugging missing autorelease poolspage->kill();setHotPage(nil);} else if (page->child) {// hysteresis: keep one empty child if page is more than half full// 如果页面已满一半以上，则保留一个空子级if (page->lessThanHalfFull()) {page->child->kill();}else if (page->child->child) {page->child->child->kill();}}
}// kill
void kill() 
{// Not recursive: we don't want to blow out the stack // if a thread accumulates a stupendous amount of garbageAutoreleasePoolPage *page = this;while (page->child) page = page->child;AutoreleasePoolPage *deathptr;do {deathptr = page;// 子节点 变成 父节点page = page->parent;if (page) {page->unprotect();//子节点置空page->child = nil;page->protect();}delete deathptr;} while (deathptr != this);
}

内部会调用releaseUntil循环遍历进行pop操作

releaseUntil

void releaseUntil(id *stop) 
{// Not recursive: we don't want to blow out the stack // if a thread accumulates a stupendous amount of garbage// 循环遍历// 判断下一个对象是否等于stop，如果不等于，则进入while循环while (this->next != stop) {// Restart from hotPage() every time, in case -release // autoreleased more objectsAutoreleasePoolPage *page = hotPage();// fixme I think this `while` can be `if`, but I can't prove it// 如果当前页是空的while (page->empty()) {// 将page赋值为父节点页page = page->parent;// 并设置当前页为父节点页setHotPage(page);}page->unprotect();
#if SUPPORT_AUTORELEASEPOOL_DEDUP_PTRSAutoreleasePoolEntry* entry = (AutoreleasePoolEntry*) --page->next;// create an obj with the zeroed out top byte and release thatid obj = (id)entry->ptr;int count = (int)entry->count;  // grab these before memset
#elseid obj = *--page->next;
#endifmemset((void*)page->next, SCRIBBLE, sizeof(*page->next));page->protect();if (obj != POOL_BOUNDARY) { // 只要不是POOL_BOUNDARY，就进行release
#if SUPPORT_AUTORELEASEPOOL_DEDUP_PTRS// release count+1 times since it is count of the additional// autoreleases beyond the first onefor (int i = 0; i < count + 1; i++) {objc_release(obj);}
#elseobjc_release(obj);
#endif}}// 设置当前页setHotPage(this);#if DEBUG// we expect any children to be completely emptyfor (AutoreleasePoolPage *page = child; page; page = page->child) {ASSERT(page->empty());}
#endif
}

总结

• pop函数会将POOL_BOUNDARY的内存地址传进去
• autorelease对象从end的结束地址开始进行发送release消息，一直找到POOL_BOUNDARY为止
• 一旦发现当前页已经空了，就会去上一个页面进行pop，并释放当前页面
• 整个入栈出栈的顺序是采用先进后出，和栈中顺序一样，但不代表着这里说的是真正的栈

pop出栈图示：

通过私有函数打印自动释放池的情况

我们可以通过一个私有函数_objc_autoreleasePoolPrint来打印分析整个autorelease的过程

// 声明内部私有函数，可以调用执行
extern void _objc_autoreleasePoolPrint(void);int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {@autoreleasepool { // r1 = pushPerson* person1 = [[[Person alloc] init] autorelease];Person* person2 = [[[Person alloc] init] autorelease];@autoreleasepool { // r2 = push()Person* person3 = [[[Person alloc] init] autorelease];@autoreleasepool { // r3 = push()Person* person4 = [[[Person alloc] init] autorelease];_objc_autoreleasePoolPrint();} // pop(r3)} // pop(r2)
//        _objc_autoreleasePoolPrint();} // pop(r1)
}return 0;
}

打印结果：