SMPL是马普所提出的经典人体模型，目前已成为姿态估计、人体重建等领域必不可少的基础先验。SMPL基于蒙皮和BlendShape实现，从数千个三维人体扫描结果得来，后通过PCA统计学习得来。
论文：SMPL: A Skinned Multi-Person Linear Model
主页：https://smpl.is.tue.mpg.de/index.html
简单来说：SMPL是多个人体模型，这些人体模型的形状、姿态都可以被参数化表示。

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SMPL参数一般分为两组：体型参数$\vec{\beta }$和姿态参数$\vec{\theta }$。前者决定人体的高矮胖瘦身材比例等，后者决定人体具体姿态。我们从下图即可看出它们的作用：

（图片来自链接）
最初始版本（v1.0.0）的SMPL模型有两种性别，对应两个人体模型。每个人体模型有10个体型参数+24x3=72个姿态参数；所以，我们用10+72=82个数就可以表示一个SMPL人体。
随便地，我们生成一组参数：

pose = (np.random.rand((24, 3)) - 0.5) * 0.4  # 24x3=72
beta = (np.random.rand((10,)) - 0.5) * 0.06

这里的pose表示姿态参数$\vec{\theta }$，beta表示体型参数$\vec{\beta }$。于是，这一smpl人体可以被生成出来——我们可以用obj文件表示，用MeshLab即可打开：

什么？你问我怎么得到这个obj文件的？
脚本放在下面，按需自取：

import numpy as np
import pickleclass SMPLModel():def __init__(self, model_path):"""SMPL model.Parameter:---------model_path: Path to the SMPL model parameters, pre-processed by`preprocess.py`."""with open(model_path, 'rb') as f:params = pickle.load(f)self.J_regressor = params['J_regressor']self.weights = params['weights']self.posedirs = params['posedirs']self.v_template = params['v_template']self.shapedirs = params['shapedirs']self.faces = params['f']self.kintree_table = params['kintree_table']id_to_col = {self.kintree_table[1, i]: i for i in range(self.kintree_table.shape[1])}self.parent = {i: id_to_col[self.kintree_table[0, i]]for i in range(1, self.kintree_table.shape[1])}self.pose_shape = [24, 3]self.beta_shape = [10]self.trans_shape = [3]self.pose = np.zeros(self.pose_shape)self.beta = np.zeros(self.beta_shape)self.trans = np.zeros(self.trans_shape)self.verts = Noneself.J = Noneself.R = Noneself.update()def set_params(self, pose=None, beta=None, trans=None):"""Set pose, shape, and/or translation parameters of SMPL model. Verices of themodel will be updated and returned.Parameters:---------pose: Also known as 'theta', a [24,3] matrix indicating child joint rotationrelative to parent joint. For root joint it's global orientation.Represented in a axis-angle format.beta: Parameter for model shape. A vector of shape [10]. Coefficients forPCA component. Only 10 components were released by MPI.trans: Global translation of shape [3].Return:------Updated vertices."""if pose is not None:self.pose = poseif beta is not None:self.beta = betaif trans is not None:self.trans = transself.update()return self.vertsdef update(self):"""Called automatically when parameters are updated."""# how beta affect body shapev_shaped = self.shapedirs.dot(self.beta) + self.v_template# joints locationself.J = self.J_regressor.dot(v_shaped)pose_cube = self.pose.reshape((-1, 1, 3))# rotation matrix for each jointself.R = self.rodrigues(pose_cube)I_cube = np.broadcast_to(np.expand_dims(np.eye(3), axis=0),(self.R.shape[0]-1, 3, 3))lrotmin = (self.R[1:] - I_cube).ravel()# how pose affect body shape in zero posev_posed = v_shaped + self.posedirs.dot(lrotmin)# world transformation of each jointG = np.empty((self.kintree_table.shape[1], 4, 4))G[0] = self.with_zeros(np.hstack((self.R[0], self.J[0, :].reshape([3, 1]))))for i in range(1, self.kintree_table.shape[1]):G[i] = G[self.parent[i]].dot(self.with_zeros(np.hstack([self.R[i],((self.J[i, :]-self.J[self.parent[i],:]).reshape([3,1]))])))G = G - self.pack(np.matmul(G,np.hstack([self.J, np.zeros([24, 1])]).reshape([24, 4, 1])))# transformation of each vertexT = np.tensordot(self.weights, G, axes=[[1], [0]])rest_shape_h = np.hstack((v_posed, np.ones([v_posed.shape[0], 1])))v = np.matmul(T, rest_shape_h.reshape([-1, 4, 1])).reshape([-1, 4])[:, :3]self.verts = v + self.trans.reshape([1, 3])def rodrigues(self, r):"""Rodrigues' rotation formula that turns axis-angle vector into rotationmatrix in a batch-ed manner.Parameter:----------r: Axis-angle rotation vector of shape [batch_size, 1, 3].Return:-------Rotation matrix of shape [batch_size, 3, 3]."""theta = np.linalg.norm(r, axis=(1, 2), keepdims=True)# avoid zero dividetheta = np.maximum(theta, np.finfo(r.dtype).eps)r_hat = r / thetacos = np.cos(theta)z_stick = np.zeros(theta.shape[0])m = np.dstack([z_stick, -r_hat[:, 0, 2], r_hat[:, 0, 1],r_hat[:, 0, 2], z_stick, -r_hat[:, 0, 0],-r_hat[:, 0, 1], r_hat[:, 0, 0], z_stick]).reshape([-1, 3, 3])i_cube = np.broadcast_to(np.expand_dims(np.eye(3), axis=0),[theta.shape[0], 3, 3])A = np.transpose(r_hat, axes=[0, 2, 1])B = r_hatdot = np.matmul(A, B)R = cos * i_cube + (1 - cos) * dot + np.sin(theta) * mreturn Rdef with_zeros(self, x):"""Append a [0, 0, 0, 1] vector to a [3, 4] matrix.Parameter:---------x: Matrix to be appended.Return:------Matrix after appending of shape [4,4]"""return np.vstack((x, np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]])))def pack(self, x):"""Append zero matrices of shape [4, 3] to vectors of [4, 1] shape in a batchedmanner.Parameter:----------x: Matrices to be appended of shape [batch_size, 4, 1]Return:------Matrix of shape [batch_size, 4, 4] after appending."""return np.dstack((np.zeros((x.shape[0], 4, 3)), x))def save_to_obj(self, path):"""Save the SMPL model into .obj file.Parameter:---------path: Path to save."""with open(path, 'w') as fp:for v in self.verts:fp.write('v %f %f %f\n' % (v[0], v[1], v[2]))for f in self.faces + 1:fp.write('f %d %d %d\n' % (f[0], f[1], f[2]))if __name__ == '__main__':smpl = SMPLModel('./model.pkl') # python SMPL modelnp.random.seed(9608)pose = (np.random.rand(*smpl.pose_shape) - 0.5) * 0.4 # (24, 3)beta = (np.random.rand(*smpl.beta_shape) - 0.5) * 0.06 # (10, )trans = np.zeros(smpl.trans_shape)smpl.set_params(beta=beta, pose=pose, trans=trans)smpl.save_to_obj('./smpl_np.obj')

代码来源：https://github.com/CalciferZh/SMPL