websocket的介绍:
WebSocket是一种在网络通信中的协议,它是独立于HTTP协议的。该协议基于TCP/IP协议,可以提供双向通讯并保有状态。这意味着客户端和服务器可以进行实时响应,并且这种响应是双向的。WebSocket协议端口通常是80,443。
WebSocket的出现使得浏览器具备了实时双向通信的能力。与HTTP这种非持久单向响应应答的协议相比,WebSocket是一个持久化的协议。举例来说,即使在关闭网页或者浏览器后,WebSocket的连接仍然保持,用户也可以继续接收到服务器的消息。
此外,要建立WebSocket连接,需要浏览器和服务器握手进行建立连接。一旦连接建立,WebSocket可以在浏览器和服务器之间双向发送或接受信息。总的来说,WebSocket提供了一个高效、实时的双向通信方案。
1、用netty构建websocket服务器
package org.tianfan.websocket;// WebSocketServer.javaimport io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpObjectAggregator;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpServerCodec;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.WebSocketServerProtocolHandler;public class WebSocketServer {private final int port;public WebSocketServer(int port) {this.port = port;}public void run() throws Exception {EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();try {ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {@Overridepublic void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {ChannelPipeline p = ch.pipeline();p.addLast(new HttpServerCodec());p.addLast(new HttpObjectAggregator(65536));p.addLast(new WebSocketServerProtocolHandler("/websocket"));p.addLast(new WebSocketServerHandler());}});ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();f.channel().closeFuture().sync();} finally {workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();}}public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {int port = 8080;if (args.length > 0) {port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);}new WebSocketServer(port).run();}
}
我来解释一下上面的代码:
- p.addLast(new HttpServerCodec()):添加HTTP服务器编解码器,用于将数据转换成HTTP协议格式进行传输。
- p.addLast(new HttpObjectAggregator(65536)):添加HTTP对象聚合处理器,用于将HTTP请求或响应中的多个消息片段聚合成完整的消息。
- p.addLast(new WebSocketServerProtocolHandler("/websocket")):添加WebSocket协议处理器,用于处理WebSocket握手、消息传输等操作。
- p.addLast(new WebSocketServerHandler()):添加WebSocket处理器,用于处理客户端与服务器端之间的数据交换,实现自定义的业务逻辑。
使用Netty框架中的WebSocketServerProtocolHandler处理器,将HTTP升级为WebSocket协议。它创建了一个新的管道(pipeline)并将WebSocket处理程序添加到管道的尾部,以便处理WebSocket协议的握手和帧。"/websocket"是WebSocket的URI路径,它指定了WebSocket服务的相对地址,该地址将在客户端请求连接时被指定。
package org.tianfan.websocket;import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.websocketx.TextWebSocketFrame;public class WebSocketServerHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<TextWebSocketFrame> {@Overridepublic void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, TextWebSocketFrame msg) throws Exception {// 处理消息System.out.println("Received message: " + msg.text());ctx.channel().writeAndFlush(new TextWebSocketFrame("Server received: " + msg.text()));}@Overridepublic void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {// 添加连接System.out.println("Client connected: " + ctx.channel());}@Overridepublic void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {// 断开连接System.out.println("Client disconnected: " + ctx.channel());}@Overridepublic void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {// 异常处理cause.printStackTrace();ctx.close();}
}
我来解释一下上面的代码:
刚信息发过来的时候,在服务端打印,并写入前端。
2、前端客户端页面:
<!-- index.html --><!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>WebSocket Test</title>
</head>
<body><h1>WebSocket Test</h1><div><input type="text" id="message" placeholder="Message"><button onclick="send()">Send</button></div><div id="output"></div><script>var socket = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8080/websocket");socket.onopen = function(event) {console.log("WebSocket opened: " + event);};socket.onmessage = function(event) {console.log("WebSocket message received: " + event.data);var output = document.getElementById("output");output.innerHTML += "<p>" + event.data + "</p>";};socket.onclose = function(event) {console.log("WebSocket closed: " + event);};function send() {var message = document.getElementById("message").value;socket.send(message);}</script>
</body>
</html>
运行结果: