实验环境：

宿主机为win11

Vmware workstaion 17

目标机的OS：

Ubuntu 2004

网络：NAT

获取地址：192.168.248.131/24 DNS,DHCP：192.168.248.2

第一章ppt的命令操作（部分） 

S1、执行whoami、who、w命令

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# whoami

root

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# who

test     :0           2024-03-06 16:27 (:0)

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# w

 16:49:03 up 51 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.14, 0.21, 0.34

USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT

test     :0       :0               16:27   ?xdm?   4:18   0.01s /usr/libexec/gd

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop#

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ w

 16:49:28 up 52 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.09, 0.20, 0.33

USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT

test     :0       :0               16:27   ?xdm?   4:20   0.01s /usr/libexec/gd

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ who

test     :0           2024-03-06 16:27 (:0)

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ whoami

test

S2、执行whatis、whereis、which、man、lsusb、uname、arch命令

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ whatis ls

ls (1)               - list directory contents

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ whereis ls

ls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ which ls

/usr/bin/ls

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ man passwd

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ man -k selinux

pam_selinux (7)      - PAM module to set the default security context

pam_sepermit (8)     - PAM module to allow/deny login depending on SELinux en...

semanage.conf (5)    - global configuration file for the SELinux Management l...

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# lsusb

Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware, Inc. Virtual USB Hub

Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse

Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# free -m

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:           7902        1417        4576           2        1908        6203

Swap:             0           0           0

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop#

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ uname -r

5.15.0-91-generic

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ arch

x86_64

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$

S3、执行parted、fdisk命令

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# parted -l

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sda: 64.4GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Name                  Flags

 1      1049kB  2097kB  1049kB                                     bios_grub

 2      2097kB  540MB   538MB   fat32        EFI System Partition  boot, esp

 3      540MB   64.4GB  63.9GB  ext4

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/loop0: 55.66 MiB, 58368000 bytes, 114000 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/loop1: 55.66 MiB, 58363904 bytes, 113992 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk /dev/loop2: 4 KiB, 4096 bytes, 8 sectors

Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

二、复习常用命令：     

telnet、useradd、newusers、userdel、usermod、groupadd、groupdel、groupmod、su   

S1、查看/etc/passwd和/etc/shadow文件

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# cat /etc/passwd

…

colord:x:120:126:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/usr/sbin/nologin

sssd:x:121:127:SSSD system user,,,:/var/lib/sss:/usr/sbin/nologin

geoclue:x:122:128::/var/lib/geoclue:/usr/sbin/nologin

pulse:x:123:129:PulseAudio daemon,,,:/var/run/pulse:/usr/sbin/nologin

hplip:x:124:7:HPLIP system user,,,:/run/hplip:/bin/false

gnome-initial-setup:x:125:65534::/run/gnome-initial-setup/:/bin/false

gdm:x:126:131:Gnome Display Manager:/var/lib/gdm3:/bin/false

test:x:1000:1000:test,,,:/home/test:/bin/bash

systemd-coredump:x:999:999:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/sbin/nologin

sshd:x:127:65534::/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin

xrdp:x:128:135::/run/xrdp:/usr/sbin/nologin

nginx:x:129:136:nginx user,,,:/nonexistent:/bin/false

lxd:x:998:100::/var/snap/lxd/common/lxd:/bin/false

fwupd-refresh:x:130:137:fwupd-refresh user,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# cat /etc/shadow

…

…

sssd:*:18557:0:99999:7:::

geoclue:*:18557:0:99999:7:::

pulse:*:18557:0:99999:7:::

hplip:*:18557:0:99999:7:::

gnome-initial-setup:*:18557:0:99999:7:::

gdm:*:18557:0:99999:7:::

test:$6$xBcb08zuERidUKrQ$qD5fD1.Q0G2b2qbZCXsr62UEgdgsIhGCeU9yAKNTT9kOip.Zi0apPzJxwrQOssVhvaFCBCj6AnTwOyXq8W7f7.:18774:0:99999:7:::

systemd-coredump:!*:18774::::::

sshd:*:18775:0:99999:7:::

xrdp:!:19013:0:99999:7:::

nginx:!:19212:0:99999:7:::

lxd:!:19570::::::

fwupd-refresh:*:19570:0:99999:7:::

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop#

S2、使用useradd、passwd命令

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# useradd dx1a

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# cat /etc/passwd

…

nginx:x:129:136:nginx user,,,:/nonexistent:/bin/false

lxd:x:998:100::/var/snap/lxd/common/lxd:/bin/false

fwupd-refresh:x:130:137:fwupd-refresh user,,,:/run/systemd:/usr/sbin/nologin

dx1a:x:1001:1001::/home/dx1a:/bin/sh

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# cat /etc/shadow

…

nginx:!:19212:0:99999:7:::

lxd:!:19570::::::

fwupd-refresh:*:19570:0:99999:7:::

dx1a:!:19788:0:99999:7:::

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ passwd dx1a

passwd: You may not view or modify password information for dx1a.

test@testhost01:~/Desktop$ su root

Password:      

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# passwd dx1a

New password:          输入了1qaz@WSX

Retype new password:

passwd: password updated successfully

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop#  cat /etc/shadow

nginx:!:19212:0:99999:7:::

lxd:!:19570::::::

fwupd-refresh:*:19570:0:99999:7:::

dx1a:$6$9m9rb7.8ivQHQrSA$zrMGNhdRGxALrIP6fDAJGTGMe9c1UE0NAUb.q3lLUMrivurbk/tvjPd5rZN9IKEBu6yjVXpX4qKGloWfSjB9E.:19789:0:99999:7:::

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop#

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# su dx1a

$ w

 08:34:46 up 26 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.16, 0.12, 0.11

USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT

test     :0       :0               08:12   ?xdm?   1:38   0.01s /usr/libexec/gd

$ whoami

dx1a

Exam1：dx1a忘记自己的passwd了怎么办？

方法一：请求root帮助，删除密码后自己重置

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# passwd -d dx1a

passwd: password expiry information changed.

root@testhost01:/home/test/Desktop# su dx1a

$ passwd

New password:        !QAZ2wsx

Retype new password:

passwd: password updated successfully

$

方法二：请求root帮助，vi /etc/passwd中对应的dx1a的行，删除口令域中的“x”标记并保存

然后切换su dx1a后执行passwd重置密码。

S2、usermod、groupadd、groupdel、groupmod命令

//锁定用户账户，使口令无效，以下两个操作等同效果

root@testhost01:~# passwd -l dx1a

passwd: password expiry information changed.

root@testhost01:~# usermod -L dx1a

将现有用户账户添加到组，将dx1a添加到组student中

root@testhost01:~# usermod -a -G student dx1a

root@testhost01:~# id dx1a

uid=1001(dx1a) gid=1001(dx1a) groups=1001(dx1a),1002(student)

创建一个新用户并使用单个命令将其分配给primary和secondary（主要和次要组）。用id命令验证。

root@testhost01:~# useradd -g users dx1b

root@testhost01:~# id dx1b

uid=1002(dx1b) gid=100(users) groups=100(users)

使用getent group查看linux 中多个系统组，还可以使用cat /etc/group显示

若要查看当前用户的组信息，使用groups命令：

root@testhost01:~# groups dx1a

dx1a : dx1a student

root@testhost01:~# groups dx1b

dx1b : users

groupmod命令用于修改用户组的名称或GID

命令：groupmod -n newgroup oldgroup

root@testhost01:~# groupmod -n stu student

root@testhost01:~#

先设置stu组的密码，然后用groupmod -p修改stu组的密码为student

root@testhost01:~# gpasswd stu

Changing the password for group stu

New Password:

Re-enter new password:

root@testhost01:~# groupmod -p student stu

root@testhost01:~#

groupdel删除用户组命令

略