1. 联合索引
关于联合索引的详解参考博客【Mysql-----联合索引和最左匹配】,包含讲解
-
最左匹配
-
联合索引失效的情况
- 不遵循最左匹配原则
- 范围查询右边失效原理
like
索引失效原理
比较关注的点在于:
对A、B、C三个字段创建一个联合索引(A, B, C),若where
条件后是以下几种情况会不会走索引?
select A, B, C, D from t_a where A=1 and B=1 and C=1; -- 走索引
select A, B, C, D from t_a where A=1 and B=1; -- 走索引
select A, B, C, D from t_a where A=1 and C=1 and B=1; -- 走索引,MySQL有优化器会自动调整A,B,C的顺序与索引顺序一致
select A, B, C, D from t_a where C=1 and B=1 and A=1; -- 走索引
select A, B, C, D from t_a where B=1 and C=1; -- 不走索引select A, B, C, D from t_a where A=1 and B>1 and C=1; -- A、B走索引,C不走索引,因为前面是范围查询
select A, B, C, D from t_a where A>1 and B=1; -- A走索引,B不走索引select A, B, C, D from t_a where A like 'wan%'; -- 有时能走索引
select A, B, C, D from t_a where A like '%wan%'; -- 必然不走索引
select A, B, C, D from t_a where A like '%wan'; -- 必然不走索引
2. 案例分析
2.1 问题重现:
要执行如下的删除逻辑,<where>
标签中只有code
和is_deleted
一定不为空。
假设dish
表有上百万的数据量,delete from ...
执行效率低,若不建立合适的索引,容易产生锁表问题,执行报错!
<delete id="deleteOldData">delete from dish<where><if test="param.code != null and param.code != ''">and code = #{param.code}</if><if test="param.status != null and param.status != ''">and status = #{param.status}</if><if test="param.updateUser != null and param.updateUser != ''">and update_user = #{updateUser}</if><if test="param.isDeleted != null and param.isDeleted != ''">and is_deleted = #{isDeleted}</if></where></delete>
2.2 建立索引:
上述SQL的where
条件中,只有两项一定不为空,我们该如何建立合适的索引避免死锁问题?
根据上述章节对联合索引的介绍,我们可以考虑建立如下索引:
CREATE INDEX IDX_DISH_CODE_ISDELETED ON dish(`code`, `is_deleted`, `update_user`, `status`);
把两个一定不为空的字段code
和is_deleted
放在左侧,且区分度大的字段code
放在最左侧,其他两个可能为空的字段放在右侧。
由于联合索引会帮助我们给where
条件后的字段重排序,这样至少该delete from where...
的前两个字段会走索引,效率提升,降低锁表风险。
未创建该索引时,表索引和执行计划情况:
创建该索引后,表索引和执行计划情况:
(1)字段齐全:
执行这段SQL:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM dish WHERE CODE = '123412341234' AND STATUS = '1' AND update_user = '1' AND is_deleted = '0';
-- mysql会帮助调整字段顺序为:
SELECT * FROM dish WHERE CODE = '123412341234' AND is_deleted = '0' AND update_user = '1' AND STATUS = '1';
查看执行计划:
(2)缺失update_user
:
执行这段SQL:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM dish WHERE CODE = '123412341234' AND STATUS = '1' AND is_deleted = '0';
-- mysql会帮助调整字段顺序为:
SELECT * FROM dish WHERE CODE = '123412341234' AND is_deleted = '0' AND STATUS = '1';
查看执行计划:
结论:
创建联合索引时,将不为空的、区分度大的字段放在左侧,MySQL会帮助我们调整where
条件后的字段顺序,使其尽可能地走索引,提升效率。