<ranges>是C++20中新增加的头文件,提供了一组与范围(ranges)相关的功能,此头文件是ranges库的一部分。包括:
1.concepts:
(1).std::ranges::range:指定类型为range,即它提供开始迭代器和结束标记(it provides a begin iterator and an end sentinel)。
(2).std::ranges::sized_range:指定range在恒定时间(constant time)内知道其大小。
(3).std::ranges::contiguous_range:指定range的迭代器类型满足std::contiguous_iterator。
namespace {struct SimpleRange { // a minimum rangeint* begin();int* end();
};struct NotRange { // not a range: begin does not return an input_or_output_iteratorvoid* begin();int* end();
};} // namespaceint test_ranges_concepts()
{
#ifdef _MSC_VERstatic_assert(std::ranges::range<SimpleRange>);static_assert(!std::ranges::range<NotRange>);
#endifstatic_assert(std::ranges::sized_range<std::list<int>> and not std::ranges::sized_range<std::forward_list<int>>);static_assert(std::ranges::contiguous_range<const std::vector<int>> and not std::ranges::contiguous_range<std::list<int>>);return 0;
}
2.classes: std::views是std::ranges::views的别名
(1).std::ranges::subrange:将迭代器-标记对(iterator-sentinel pair)组合成一个视图(view)。
(2).std::ranges::views::empty、std::ranges::empty_view:没有任何元素的空视图。
(3).std::ranges::views::single、std::ranges::single_view:包含指定值的单个元素的视图。
(4).std::ranges::views::iota、std::ranges::iota_view:由重复增加初始值生成的序列构成的视图。
(5).std::ranges::views::istream、std::ranges::basic_istream_view:在相关输入流上连续应用运算符>>所获得的元素组成的视图。
(6).std::ranges::views::all、std::ranges::views::all_t:包含range的所有元素的视图。
(7).std::ranges::ref_view:其它range的元素的视图。
(8).std::ranges::views::take、std::ranges::take_view:由另一个视图的前N个元素组成的视图。
(9).std::ranges::owning_view:对某一range具有唯一所有权的视图。
(10).std::ranges::views::drop、std::ranges::drop_view:由另一个视图的元素组成的视图,跳过前N个元素。
(11).std::ranges::views::join、std::ranges::join_view:由展平(flattening)ranges视图获得的序列组成的视图。
(12).std::ranges::views::counted:从迭代器和计数创建一个子range。
(13).std::ranges::views::elements、std::ranges::elements_view:采用由类似元组的值和数字N组成的视图,并生成每个元组的第N个元素的视图。
int test_ranges_classes()
{// std::ranges::views == std::views// std::ranges::subrangeconst std::multimap<int, char> mm{ {1, 'a'}, {2, 'a'}, {1, 'c'}, {3, 'd'}, {1, 'e'}, {1, 'f'} };auto [first, last] = mm.equal_range(1);for (const auto& [_, v] : std::ranges::subrange(first, last))std::cout << v << ","; // a,c,e,f,std::cout << std::endl;// std::ranges::empty_viewstd::ranges::empty_view<long> e;static_assert(std::ranges::empty(e));static_assert(0 == e.size());static_assert(nullptr == e.data());static_assert(nullptr == e.begin());static_assert(nullptr == e.end());// std::ranges::single_viewconstexpr std::ranges::single_view sv1{ std::numbers::pi };static_assert(sv1);static_assert(not sv1.empty());std::cout << "data:" << *sv1.data() << ";begin:" << *sv1.begin() << ";size:" << sv1.size() << ";distance:" << std::distance(sv1.begin(), sv1.end()) << std::endl; // data:3.14159;begin:3.14159;size:1;distance:1std::ranges::single_view<std::tuple<int, double, std::string>> sv2{ {1, std::numbers::sqrt2, "^-^"} };std::cout << "value:" << std::get<0>(sv2[0]) << "," << std::get<1>(sv2[0]) << "," << std::get<2>(sv2[0]) << std::endl; // value:1,1.41421,^-^// std::ranges::views::iota/std::ranges::iota_viewfor (auto i : std::ranges::iota_view{ 1, 10 })std::cout << i << ' '; // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9std::cout << std::endl;for (auto i : std::ranges::views::iota(1, 10))std::cout << i << ' '; // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9std::cout << std::endl;// std::ranges::views::istreamauto words = std::istringstream{ "today is yesterday's tomorrow" };for (const auto& s : std::views::istream<std::string>(words))std::cout << std::quoted(s, '/') << ' '; // /today/ /is/ /yesterday's/ /tomorrow/std::cout << '\n';// std::views::allconst std::vector<int> vec{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };for (auto n : std::views::all(vec))std::cout << n << ' '; // 0 1 2 3 4 5std::cout << std::endl;// std::ranges::take_view,std::ranges::ref_viewconst std::string str{ "Messy_Test" };const std::ranges::take_view tv{ str, 5 };std::cout << "second element:" << *(tv.data()+1) << ",size:" << tv.size() << std::endl; // second element:e,size:5const std::ranges::ref_view rv{ tv };std::cout << "empty:" << rv.empty() << ",size:" << rv.size() << ",begin:" << *rv.begin() << ",end:" << *(rv.end() - 1) << ",data:" << rv.data() << std::endl; // empty:0,size:5,begin:M,end:y,data:Messy_Testfor (const auto c : rv)std::cout << c; // Messystd::cout << std::endl;// std::ranges::owning_viewusing namespace std::literals;std::ranges::owning_view ov{ "Messy_Test"s }; // <== ov{std::string{"Messy_Test"}}assert(ov.empty() == false && ov.size() == 10 && ov.front() == 'M' && ov.back() == 't');// std::ranges::drop_view,std::views::dropconst auto nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 };for (auto i : std::ranges::drop_view{ nums, 2 })std::cout << i << ' '; // 3 4 5 6 7std::cout << std::endl;for (auto i : nums | std::views::drop(3))std::cout << i << ' '; // 4 5 6 7std::cout << std::endl;;// std::ranges::join_viewconst std::vector<std::vector<int>> v{ {1, 2}, {3, 4, 5}, {6}, {7, 8, 9} };auto jv = std::ranges::join_view(v);
#ifdef __linux__for (int const e : jv)std::cout << e << ' ';std::cout << std::endl;
#endif// std::views::countedconst int a[]{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 };for (int i : std::views::counted(a, 3))std::cout << i << ' '; // 1 2 3std::cout << std::endl;// std::views::elementsconst std::vector<std::tuple<int, char>> vt {{1, 'A'},{2, 'B'},{3, 'C'},{4, 'D'},{5, 'E'}};for (int const e : std::views::elements<0>(vt))std::cout << e << ' '; // 1 2 3 4 5std::cout << std::endl;for (char const e : vt | std::views::elements<1>)std::cout << e << ' '; // A B C D Estd::cout << std::endl;return 0;
}
执行结果如下图所示:
3.customization point objects:
(1).std::ranges::begin、std::ranges::cbegin:返回指向range开头的迭代器。
(2).std::ranges::end、std::ranges::cend:返回指示range结束的哨兵(sentinel)。
(3).std::ranges::rbegin、std::ranges::crbegin:返回range的反向迭代器。
(4).std::ranges::rend、std::ranges::crend:返回range的反向结束迭代器。
(5).std::ranges::size:返回等于range大小的整数。
(6).std::ranges::ssize:返回等于range大小的有符号整数。
(7).std::ranges::empty:检查range是否为空。
(8).std::ranges::data、std::ranges::cdata:获取指向连续range开头的指针。
int test_ranges_customization_point_objects()
{// std::ranges::beginstd::vector v{ 3, 1, 4, 9, 6};auto vi = std::ranges::begin(v);std::cout << *vi << std::endl; // 3*(++vi) = 66;std::cout << v[1] << std::endl; // 66// std::ranges::endvi = std::ranges::end(v);std::cout << *(vi-1) << std::endl; // 6*(--vi) = 88;std::cout << v[4] << std::endl; // 88for (auto vi = std::ranges::cbegin(v); vi != std::ranges::end(v); ++vi)std::cout << *vi << " "; // 3 66 4 9 88std::cout << std::endl;// std::ranges::rbeginauto vj = std::ranges::rbegin(v);std::cout << *vj << std::endl; // 88*(++vj) = 33;std::cout << v[3] << std::endl;// std::ranges::rendvj = std::ranges::rend(v);std::cout << *(vj-1) << std::endl; // 3*(--vj) = 99;std::cout << v[0] << std::endl; // 99// std::ranges::sizestd::cout << "size:" << std::ranges::size(v) << ",ssize:" << std::ranges::ssize(v) << std::endl; // size:5,ssize:5// std::ranges::emptystd::cout << "v is empty:" << std::ranges::empty(v) << std::endl; // v is empty:0std::map<int, std::string> m{};std::cout << "m is empty:" << std::ranges::empty(m) << std::endl; // m is empty:1std::string str{ "hello world!" };std::ranges::data(str)[0] = 'H';std::cout << std::ranges::data(str) << std::endl; // Hello world!return 0;
}
执行结果如下图所示:
GitHub:https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test