20、Kubernetes核心技术 - 基于Prometheus和Grafana搭建集群监控平台

一、概述

二、监控平台架构图编辑

三、部署 Prometheus

3.1、Prometheus简介

3.2、部署守护进程node-exporter

3.3、部署rbac

3.4、ConfigMap

3.5、Deployment

3.6、Service

3.7、验证Prometheus

四、部署Grafana

4.1、Deployment

4.2、Service

4.3、Ingress

4.4、验证Grafana

一、概述

本文将介绍k8s的监控平台搭建，搭建一套完善的k8s监控平台可以帮助我们随时观察生产服务器的运行资源使用情况，例如：CPU、内存、磁盘、网络IO等，除了资源可视化之外，还可以设置监控预警功能，提高生产环境可用性和稳定性，提高排除故障的效率。
接下来，我们基于prometheus + grafana 的方式搭建一套k8s监控平台。

二、监控平台架构图

三、部署 Prometheus

3.1、Prometheus简介

Prometheus官方地址：Overview | Prometheus。

Prometheus是一个开源系统监控和警报工具包，最初由SoundCloud构建。自2012年Prometheus项目启动以来，许多公司和组织都采用了它，该项目拥有非常活跃的开发人员和用户社区。它现在是一个独立的开源项目，独立于任何公司进行维护。为了强调这一点，并澄清项目的治理结构，Prometheus于2016年加入了云原生计算基金会，成为继Kubernetes之后的第二个托管项目。

Prometheus主要有以下一些特点：

- 开源
- 监控、报警、数据库
- 以 HTTP 协议周期性抓取被监控组件状态
- 不需要复杂的集成过程，使用 http 接口接入即可
- 通过服务发现或静态配置发现目标
- 多种图形和仪表板支持模式

Prometheus架构图：

Prometheus组件说明：

prometheus server：主服务，接受外部http请求，收集、存储与查询数据等
prometheus targets: 静态收集的目标服务数据
service discovery：动态发现服务
prometheus alerting：报警通知
pushgateway：数据收集代理服务器(类似于zabbix proxy)
data visualization and export：数据可视化与数据导出(访问客户端)

3.2、部署守护进程node-exporter

创建资源清单文件：vim node-exporter.yaml

## 下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容   
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet			# DaemonSet表示每个节点都会运行node-exporter
metadata:name: node-exporternamespace: kube-system		# 命名空间labels:k8s-app: node-exporter
spec:selector:matchLabels:k8s-app: node-exportertemplate:metadata:labels:k8s-app: node-exporterspec:containers:- image: prom/node-exportername: node-exporterports:- containerPort: 9100protocol: TCPname: http---apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:labels:k8s-app: node-exportername: node-exporternamespace: kube-system
spec:ports:- name: httpport: 9100nodePort: 31672protocol: TCPtype: NodePort			# 将node-exporter以NodePort方式暴露出来，端口是31672selector:k8s-app: node-exporter

创建并查看pod、service：

$ kubectl create -f node-exporter.yaml 
daemonset.apps/node-exporter created
service/node-exporter created$ kubectl get daemonset.apps/node-exporter -n kube-system
NAME            DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   NODE SELECTOR   AGE
node-exporter   2         2         2       2            2           <none>          36s$ kubectl get service/node-exporter -n kube-system
NAME            TYPE       CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
node-exporter   NodePort   10.99.26.203   <none>        9100:31672/TCP   48s

3.3、部署rbac

创建rbac角色控制资源清单文件：vim rbac.yaml

##下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:name: prometheus
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]resources:- nodes- nodes/proxy- services- endpoints- podsverbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups:- extensionsresources:- ingressesverbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- nonResourceURLs: ["/metrics"]verbs: ["get"]
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:name: prometheusnamespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:name: prometheus
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind: ClusterRolename: prometheus
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccountname: prometheusnamespace: kube-system

创建集群角色、用户、角色绑定关系：

$ kubectl create -f rbac.yaml 
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus created
serviceaccount/prometheus created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus created

3.4、ConfigMap

创建configmap资源清单： vim configmap.yaml

##下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:name: prometheus-confignamespace: kube-system
data:prometheus.yml: |global:scrape_interval:     15sevaluation_interval: 15sscrape_configs:- job_name: 'kubernetes-apiservers'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: endpointsscheme: httpstls_config:ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crtbearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/tokenrelabel_configs:- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace, __meta_kubernetes_service_name, __meta_kubernetes_endpoint_port_name]action: keepregex: default;kubernetes;https- job_name: 'kubernetes-nodes'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: nodescheme: httpstls_config:ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crtbearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/tokenrelabel_configs:- action: labelmapregex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)- target_label: __address__replacement: kubernetes.default.svc:443- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_node_name]regex: (.+)target_label: __metrics_path__replacement: /api/v1/nodes/${1}/proxy/metrics- job_name: 'kubernetes-cadvisor'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: nodescheme: httpstls_config:ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crtbearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/tokenrelabel_configs:- action: labelmapregex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)- target_label: __address__replacement: kubernetes.default.svc:443- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_node_name]regex: (.+)target_label: __metrics_path__replacement: /api/v1/nodes/${1}/proxy/metrics/cadvisor- job_name: 'kubernetes-service-endpoints'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: endpointsrelabel_configs:- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]action: keepregex: true- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scheme]action: replacetarget_label: __scheme__regex: (https?)- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_path]action: replacetarget_label: __metrics_path__regex: (.+)- source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_port]action: replacetarget_label: __address__regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)replacement: $1:$2- action: labelmapregex: __meta_kubernetes_service_label_(.+)- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]action: replacetarget_label: kubernetes_namespace- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name]action: replacetarget_label: kubernetes_name- job_name: 'kubernetes-services'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: servicemetrics_path: /probeparams:module: [http_2xx]relabel_configs:- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_probe]action: keepregex: true- source_labels: [__address__]target_label: __param_target- target_label: __address__replacement: blackbox-exporter.example.com:9115- source_labels: [__param_target]target_label: instance- action: labelmapregex: __meta_kubernetes_service_label_(.+)- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]target_label: kubernetes_namespace- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name]target_label: kubernetes_name- job_name: 'kubernetes-ingresses'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: ingressrelabel_configs:- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_ingress_annotation_prometheus_io_probe]action: keepregex: true- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_ingress_scheme,__address__,__meta_kubernetes_ingress_path]regex: (.+);(.+);(.+)replacement: ${1}://${2}${3}target_label: __param_target- target_label: __address__replacement: blackbox-exporter.example.com:9115- source_labels: [__param_target]target_label: instance- action: labelmapregex: __meta_kubernetes_ingress_label_(.+)- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]target_label: kubernetes_namespace- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_ingress_name]target_label: kubernetes_name- job_name: 'kubernetes-pods'kubernetes_sd_configs:- role: podrelabel_configs:- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]action: keepregex: true- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_path]action: replacetarget_label: __metrics_path__regex: (.+)- source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_port]action: replaceregex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)replacement: $1:$2target_label: __address__- action: labelmapregex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]action: replacetarget_label: kubernetes_namespace- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_name]action: replacetarget_label: kubernetes_pod_name

创建config：

$ kubectl create -f configmap.yaml
configmap/prometheus-config created$ kubectl get cm prometheus-config -n kube-system
NAME                DATA   AGE
prometheus-config   1      33s

3.5、Deployment

创建prometheus的Pod资源清单文件：vim prometheus-deploy.yaml

## 下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:labels:name: prometheus-deploymentname: prometheusnamespace: kube-system
spec:replicas: 1selector:matchLabels:app: prometheustemplate:metadata:labels:app: prometheusspec:containers:- image: prom/prometheus:v2.0.0name: prometheuscommand:- "/bin/prometheus"args:- "--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml"- "--storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus"- "--storage.tsdb.retention=24h"ports:- containerPort: 9090protocol: TCPvolumeMounts:- mountPath: "/prometheus"name: data- mountPath: "/etc/prometheus"name: config-volumeresources:requests:cpu: 100mmemory: 100Milimits:cpu: 500mmemory: 2500MiserviceAccountName: prometheus    volumes:- name: dataemptyDir: {}- name: config-volumeconfigMap:name: prometheus-config

创建prometheus pod：

$ kubectl create -f prometheus-deploy.yaml 
deployment.apps/prometheus created$ kubectl get pod -A | grep prometheu                 
kube-system   prometheus-ddf89874b-d8mbd                 1/1     Running   0               76s

3.6、Service

暴露prometheus，准备资源清单：vim prometheus-service.yaml

## 下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
---
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:labels:app: prometheusname: prometheusnamespace: kube-system
spec:type: NodePortports:- port: 9090targetPort: 9090nodePort: 30003selector:app: prometheus

创建service：

$ kubectl create -f prometheus-service.yaml 
service/prometheus created$ kubectl get svc  -n kube-system | grep prometheus
prometheus      NodePort    10.96.216.242   <none>        9090:30003/TCP           32s

3.7、验证Prometheus

$ kubectl get pod,svc -n kube-system | grep prometheus
pod/prometheus-ddf89874b-d8mbd                 1/1     Running   0               4m20s
service/prometheus      NodePort    10.96.216.242   <none>        9090:30003/TCP           96s       18s$ kubectl get DaemonSet -n kube-system | grep node-exporter
node-exporter   2         2         2       2            2           <none>

可以看到，成功启动了prometheus的pod和service，prometheus对外暴露的端口是30003，且安装在192.168.1.33这台机器上。在浏览器通过[ip:port]访问http://192.168.1.33:30003，如下图：

说明我们的Pormetheus已经搭建成功，接下来我们部署Grafana。

四、部署Grafana

Grafana官方文档地址：Documentation | Grafana Labs。

Grafana主要的一些特点：

- 开源的数据分析和可视化工具
- 支持多种数据源

在k8s集群监控平台中，Grafana的作用就是从Prometheus中读取数据，生成报表的形式进行数据可视化的功能。

4.1、Deployment

创建grafana的pod资源清单：vim grafana-deploy.yaml

## 下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:name: grafana-corenamespace: kube-systemlabels:app: grafanacomponent: core
spec:replicas: 1selector:matchLabels:app: grafanacomponent: coretemplate:metadata:labels:app: grafanacomponent: corespec:containers:- image: grafana/grafana:4.2.0name: grafana-coreimagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent# env:resources:# keep request = limit to keep this container in guaranteed classlimits:cpu: 100mmemory: 100Mirequests:cpu: 100mmemory: 100Mienv:# The following env variables set up basic auth twith the default admin user and admin password.- name: GF_AUTH_BASIC_ENABLEDvalue: "true"- name: GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ENABLEDvalue: "false"# - name: GF_AUTH_ANONYMOUS_ORG_ROLE#   value: Admin# does not really work, because of template variables in exported dashboards:# - name: GF_DASHBOARDS_JSON_ENABLED#   value: "true"readinessProbe:httpGet:path: /loginport: 3000# initialDelaySeconds: 30# timeoutSeconds: 1volumeMounts:- name: grafana-persistent-storagemountPath: /varvolumes:- name: grafana-persistent-storageemptyDir: {}

创建grafana的Pod：

$ kubectl create -f grafana-deploy.yaml 
deployment.apps/grafana-core created$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep grafana
grafana-core-7b7ccc7bcf-8lmhq              1/1     Running   0             2m29s

4.2、Service

创建资源清单文件：vim grafana-service.yaml

## 下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:name: grafananamespace: kube-systemlabels:app: grafanacomponent: core
spec:type: NodePortports:- port: 3000selector:app: grafanacomponent: core

创建grafana Service暴露服务：

$ kubectl create -f grafana-service.yaml 
service/grafana created

4.3、Ingress

创建Ingress资源清单：vim grafana-ingress.yaml

## 下面就是yaml文件的具体配置内容
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:name: grafananamespace: kube-system
spec:rules:- host: k8s.grafanahttp:paths:- path: /backend:serviceName: grafanaservicePort: 3000

创建ingress:

$ kubectl create -f grafana-ingress.yaml 
Warning: extensions/v1beta1 Ingress is deprecated in v1.14+, unavailable in v1.22+; use networking.k8s.io/v1 Ingress
ingress.extensions/grafana created

4.4、验证Grafana

$ kubectl get pod,svc -n kube-system | grep grafana
pod/grafana-core-85587c9c49-zqhhh              1/1     Running   0          76s
service/grafana         NodePort    10.105.169.65   <none>        3000:30155/TCP           55s$ kubectl get ing -n kube-system | grep grafana
grafana   <none>   k8s.grafana             80      3h28m

可以看到，grafana对外暴露的端口是30155，且安装在192.168.1.33这台机器上，所以我们通过浏览器访问：http://192.168.1.33:30155/，默认用户名/密码为：admin/admin：