回顾基本语句:
数据定义语言(DDL)
这类语言用于定义和修改数据库的结构,包括创建、删除和修改数据库、 表、视图和索引等对象。
主要的语句关键字包括 CREATE 、 DROP 、 ALTER 、 RENAME 、 TRUNCATE 等。
create database 数据库 ;
create table 表 (列1 数据类型 [ 约束条件], 列2 数据类型 【约束条件】……) add CONTRAINT 增加一些主键或者外键的约束
drop table/ drop database;
truncate 表;
rename 旧表名 TO 新表名 ;
alter 表 add 列 / drop 列 /
create view (虚表) / drop view
create user / drop user
数据操作语言(DML)
用于添加、删除、更新和查询数据库中的记录。这些语句是关系型数据库的 核心,用于操作表中的数据。主要的语句关键字包括 INSERT 、 DELETE 、 UPDATE 、 SELECT 等。
select 表的数据查询 from 表 WHERE 过滤条件 group by 列 order by ;
insert into 表(列1……)values (一行数据【和列是对应输入的】), (第二行数据)……;
update 表 SET 列 = 值 where 过滤条件 (定位修改的数据行);
delete from 表 where 过滤条件;
数据控制语言(DCL)
用于定义和管理数据库、表、字段或用户的访问权限和安全级别。主要的语 句关键字包括 GRANT 、 REVOKE 、 COMMIT 、 ROLLBACK 等。
GRANT // 数据库用户的授权 对应权限的内容见 MySQL CRASH COURSE p257 表 28.1
revoke // 数据库用户权限的回收【撤销】
commit / rollback // 对于事务的提交和回滚
数据查询语言(DQL)
这是专门用于从数据库中检索数据/ f
select cur();
select version();
联合查询等
join
UNION
一、安装
1. 源码编译安装
a.获取源码 boost(包含这个组件的源码包)
b. cmake ---> 生成makefile
c. make
d. make install
e. 进行一些基础的优化
2. 二进制 (软件包中包括已经编译完成的二进制程序以及需要的文件和配置文件 )
a. 直接获取安装需要的所有软件包的bundle 包 ,然后进行安装 【mysql 安装】
b. 直接配置mysql 官方的仓库 通过yum仓库安装
1. 添加yum 仓库
[root@bogon ~]# wget https://repo.mysql.com//mysql80-communityrelease-el8-9.noarch.rpm
--2024-04-2720:31:45-- https://repo.mysql.com//mysql80-communityrelease-el8-9.noarch.rpm
Resolvingrepo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)... 23.210.109.97,
2a02:26f0:d8:980::1d68, 2a02:26f0:d8:98f::1d68
Connecting to repo.mysql.com (repo.mysql.com)|23.210.109.97|:443...
connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 17792 (17K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
Saving to: ‘mysql80-community-release-el8-9.noarch.rpm’
mysql80-community-release-el8-9 100%
[=====================================================>] 17.38K -
-.-KB/s in 0.006s
2024-04-27 20:31:45 (3.02 MB/s) - ‘mysql80-community-release-el8-
9.noarch.rpm’ saved [17792/17792]
[root@bogon ~]# ls
aaa Desktop Downloads Music original-ks.cfg Public Videos
anaconda-ks.cfg Documents keys mysql80-community-releaseel8-9.noarch.rpm
Pictures Templates
[root@bogon ~]# rpm -ivh mysql80-community-release-el8-9.noarch.rpm
[root@bogon ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
aa.repo bb.repo mysql-community-debuginfo.repo mysqlcommunity.repo
mysql-community-source.repo redhat.repo
# 可选 , 如果已经在系统中进行了相关数据的安装(mariadb 以及 mysql)
# rpm -qa | egrep 'mysql|mariadb'
# 如果有提示任何包的安装信息,需要先卸载对应的包,然后再禁用下面的模块
yum module -y disable mysql # 禁用原本启用的mysql 模块 ,后续安装
时,可以使用第一步所设置的仓库进行安装 2. 安装server 包
[root@bogon ~]# yum install mysql-community-server3. 启动服务
完成数据的初始化
创建基本的数据库和表
完成mysql 超级用户 root@localhost的创建以及密码的生成(限制root用户 只能从
mysql 运行的节点登录)
[root@mysql8 ~]# systemctl start mysqld# 抓取用户密码
[root@mysql8 ~]# grep password /var/log/mysqld.log
2024-04-28T00:27:27.590106Z 6 [Note] [MY-010454] [Server] A
temporary password is generated for root@localhost: f%EqxVUy9d5u# 修改密码
[root@mysql8 ~]# mysql -u root -p'f%EqxVUy9d5u' -h localhost
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can
be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 9
Server version: 8.0.36
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> alter user root@localhost identified by 'Redhat12~';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
3. 补充MySQL用户管理
默认情况下,只要root@localhost,也就是说 只能通过127.0.0.1建立连接并连接到数据库, 一旦在连接数据库时,不是使用127.0.0.1 就会拒绝请求
[root@mysql8 ~]# mysql -u root -p'Redhat12~' -h localhost
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can
be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 15
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
[root@mysql8 ~]# mysql -u root -p'Redhat12~' -h 192.168.110.50
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can
be insecure.
ERROR 1130 (HY000): Host '192.168.110.50' is not allowed to connect
to this MySQL server
-h 192.168.110.50 // 指定数据库服务器的IP地址
需要先创建对应客户端IP地址的用户,才可以访问
mysql-1: 192.168.110.50
bogon: 192.168.110.131
#从localhost登录,授权可以从192.168.110.50登录
[root@mysql8 ~]# mysql -u root -p'Redhat12~' -h localhost
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 15
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
mysql> create user root@'192.168.110.50' identified by 'Redhat12~';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
再次尝试
[root@mysql8 ~]# mysql -u root -p'Redhat12~' -h 192.168.110.50
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 13
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> use mysql; //其实是一个全新为授权任何库或者表,或者语句,因此除了登录什么也不能干// 通过select * from mysql.user 发现新建的名为root // 主机名为192.168.110.50 的用户任何权限都没有
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'root'@'192.168.110.50' to
database 'mysql'
mysql> exit
Bye
因为只授权了 可以从192.168.110.50登录,在192.168.110.131上是无法登录的
[root@bogon ~]# mysql -u root -p'Redhat12~' -h 192.168.110.50
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
ERROR 1130 (HY000): Host '192.168.110.131' is not allowed to connect to this
MySQL server
# 引申:如果需要从 192.168.110.131 登录数据库 就需要再授权一个用户可以从192.168.110.131登录lamp
grant all webapp.* to appuser@'192.168.110.%' identified by 'mima';
4. 升级降级
a. 确定安装方式
b. 数据迁移
二、配置
调整数据库管理系统的密码策略
MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 参考手册 :: 8.4.3.2 密码验证选项和变量https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/validate-password-options-variables.html
熟悉mysql配置文件结构
主配置文件 :/etc/my.cnf
额外的附加配置文件路径: /etc/my.cnf.d/*.cnf
数据目录:
auto.cnf //持久生效的所有变量以及对应的值
binlog.index binlog.000002 binlog.000003 binlog.000001 //日志
client-key.pem server-key.pem ca-key.pem ca.pem private_key.pem cert.pem server-cert.pem public_key.pem // 加密通信需要使用的秘钥和证书
mysql performance_schema sys //这三个是目录,所有的mysql下的库都会创 建属于自己的目录来保存库中表的数据
// 使用 innodb 存储引擎的表文件会被存储成一个文件
//使用 myisam 存储引擎的表文件,会存储成多个文件
ibdata1 '#ib_16384_0.dblwr' ibtmp1 mysql.ibd '#ib_16384_1.dblwr'
'#innodb_redo' undo_001
client- ib_buffer_pool '#innodb_temp' undo_002 // innodb存储引擎运 行期间产生的额外数据(索引、事务等) 临时性的运行文件
MySQL 日志
三、备份与还原
备份:
物理备份
逻辑备份(mysqldump)
在线备份和离线备份 (热备份 和 冷备份)
本地备份和远程备份
快照备份
全量备份 增量备份
数据表的数据完整性
mysqldump 备份数据库
使用场景:
逻辑备份:
备份:
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysqldump -u root -predhat --databases test > backup.sql
// 有创建库的语句,所以只能恢复到原本的库中
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysqldump -u root -predhat test > backup01.sql
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> create table a (id int, name char(8));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into a values(1, 'aaa'), (2, 'bbb'), (3, 'ccc');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from a;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | aaa |
| 2 | bbb |
| 3 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysqldump -u root -predhat --databases test > backup.sql
// 有创建库的语句,所以只能恢复到原本的库中
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
[root@mysql-1 ~]# cat backup.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 8.0.36, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost Database: test
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version 8.0.36
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!50503 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS,
FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO'
*/;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
--
-- Current Database: `test`
--
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `test` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER
SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N'
*/;
USE `test`;
--
-- Table structure for table `a`
--
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `a`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */;
/*!50503 SET character_set_client = utf8mb4 */;
CREATE TABLE `a` (
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`name` char(8) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
--
-- Dumping data for table `a`
--
LOCK TABLES `a` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `a` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `a` VALUES (1,'aaa'),(2,'bbb'),(3,'ccc');
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `a` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
-- Dump completed on 2024-04-28 23:47:16[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysqldump -u root -predhat test > backup01.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
// 没有创建库的语句,所以可能恢复的任意指定的数据库中
[root@mysql-1 ~]# cat backup01.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 8.0.36, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost Database: test
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version 8.0.36
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!50503 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS,
FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO'
*/;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
--
-- Table structure for table `a`
--
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `a`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */;
/*!50503 SET character_set_client = utf8mb4 */;
CREATE TABLE `a` (
`id` int DEFAULT NULL,
`name` char(8) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
--
-- Dumping data for table `a`
--
LOCK TABLES `a` WRITE;
恢复:
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat < backup.sql
mysql> source /root/backup.sql
mysql> source /root/backup01.sql //这个备份中没有创建库和切换库的语句,所以恢复数据失败,需要先切换到库中(这里可以尝试恢复到其他库中)
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> drop database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat < backup.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 14
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
# 另一种恢复数据的方法
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 15
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> drop database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> source /root/backup.sql
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
--tab:
# 使用--tab 在备份时,分离表结构和表数据,在恢复时,也可以分开恢复
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysqldump -u root -p --tab=/var/lib/mysql-files test
Enter password:
[root@mysql-1 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql-files/
a.sql a.txt
# 恢复表
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat test < /var/lib/mysql-files/a.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
# 需要test库是存在的
# 恢复数据
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysqlimport -u root -predhat test /var/lib/mysql-files/a.txt
mysqlimport: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can
be insecure.
test.a: Records: 3 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
物理备份:
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mkdir /db_backup; cp -r /var/lib/mysql/test/ /db_backup/
[root@mysql-1 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/test/
a.ibd
[root@mysql-1 ~]# ls /db_backup/test/
a.ibd
[root@mysql-1 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/test/
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 27
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> use test;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| a |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from a;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | aaa |
| 2 | bbb |
| 3 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@mysql-1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@mysql-1 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/test
ls: cannot access '/var/lib/mysql/test': No such file or directory
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> use test;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select * from a;
ERROR 1812 (HY000): Tablespace is missing for table `test`.`a`.
mysql> exit
Bye
[root@mysql-1 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mv /db_backup/test/ /var/lib/mysql/
[root@mysql-1 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/test
a.ibd
[root@mysql-1 ~]# restorecon -Rvv /var/lib/mysql/test/
Relabeled /var/lib/mysql/test from unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0 to
unconfined_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0
Relabeled /var/lib/mysql/test/a.ibd from
unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0 to unconfined_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0
[root@mysql-1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql/test/
[root@mysql-1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@mysql-1 ~]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> select * from test.a;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | aaa |
| 2 | bbb |
| 3 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
# 使用tar 不需要关注文件的权限和标签
[root@mysql-1 ~]# cd /var/lib/mysql
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# tar -czf testdb.tar.gz test/
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# tar -tf testdb.tar.gz
test/
test/a.ibd
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# systemctl stop mysql
Failed to stop mysql.service: Unit mysql.service not loaded.
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# systemctl stop mysqld
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# pwd
/var/lib/mysql
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# rm -rf testq
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# rm -rf test
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# tar -xzf testdb.tar.gz .
tar: .: Not found in archive
tar: Exiting with failure status due to previous errors
[root@mysql-1 mysql]#
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# tar -xzf testdb.tar.gz -C .
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# ls test
a.ibd
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# ll -d test
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql 19 Apr 29 00:09 test
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# ll -dZ test
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql unconfined_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0 19 Apr 29
00:09 test
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# rm -rf test
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# ll test
ls: cannot access 'test': No such file or directory
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# !tar
tar -xzf testdb.tar.gz -C .
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# ll -dZ test
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql unconfined_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0 19 Apr 29
00:09 test
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# ll -Z test
total 112
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql unconfined_u:object_r:mysqld_db_t:s0 114688 Apr
29 00:09 a.ibd
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@mysql-1 mysql]# mysql -u root -predhat
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be
insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.36 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input
statement.
mysql> select * from test.a;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | aaa |
| 2 | bbb |
| 3 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
主从同步
"假设A是主B是从,A把干的事情写小本本1(二进制日志)上,然后一个叫I/O的家伙(I/O线程)把A的小本本1抄下来,抄到小本本2(中继日志)上,最后B按照小本本2上的内容去照着干"
主从同步的过程:
主节点:
server-id 区别局域网内的mysql服务器
log-bin 开启二进制日志。并制定二进制日志的文件名
[root@mysql-1 ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf //如果my.cnf中没有[mysqld],那么将下面的内
容写入 /etc/my.cnf.d./mysql-server.cnf
文件末尾新增如下内容,确保几行在[mysqld]的配置块中:
log_bin=source-bin
server_id=1
validate_password.policy = low
validate_password.length = 4
validate_password.mixed_case_count = 0
validate_password.special_char_count = 0
validate_password.number_count = 0
[root@mysql-1 ~]# rm -f /var/lib/mysql/source-bin.*
[root@mysql-1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@mysql-1 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=mysql
success
[root@mysql-1 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service=mysql --permanent
success
从节点:
server-id
relay-log: 开启中继日志,并指定中继日志的文件名
[root@mysql-2 ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf //如果my.cnf中没有[mysqld],那么将下面的内容
写入 /etc/my.cnf.d./mysql-server.cnf
#文件末尾新增,确保几行在[mysqld]的配置块中
server_id = 2
relay_log = relipca-relay
relay_log_index = relipca-relay-index
[root@mysql-2 ~]# rm -f /var/lib/mysql/reli*
[root@mysql-2 ~]# ls /var/lib/mysql/rel*
ls: cannot access '/var/lib/mysql/rel*': No such file or directory
[root@mysql-2 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
主节点创建同步用户
mysql> CREATE USER 'replica-user'@'192.168.110.%' IDENTIFIED BY
'redhat';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select user from mysql.user where user = 'replica-user';
+--------------+
| user |
+--------------+
| replica-user |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'replicauser'@'192.168.110.%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
# 增加一个读锁,避免在成功建立主从复制架构前产生任何的数据读写
mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
mysql> show master status;
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| source-bin.000001 | 730 | | | |
+-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
主节点需要在开始主从同步之前,将部分数据预先导入从数据库,避免后续SQL写入失败。
从节点同步主节点二进制日志
主节点:
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
从:
mysql> stop slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> CHANGE REPLICATION SOURCE TO SOURCE_HOST='192.168.110.50',
SOURCE_USER='replica-user', SOURCE_PASSWORD='redhat',
-> SOURCE_LOG_FILE='source-bin.000001', SOURCE_LOG_POS=730,
GET_MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 3 warnings (0.01 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************Slave_IO_State: Waiting for source to send eventMaster_Host: 192.168.110.50Master_User: replica-userMaster_Port: 3306Connect_Retry: 60Master_Log_File: source-bin.000001Read_Master_Log_Pos: 730Relay_Log_File: relipca-relay.000002Relay_Log_Pos: 327Relay_Master_Log_File: source-bin.000001Slave_IO_Running: Yes //这两行的值必须是YESSlave_SQL_Running: Yes //这两行的值必须是YES
验证主从同步
主:
mysql> create database testa;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
从:
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| testa |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
加入新的从节点
[root@mysql-2 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld
[root@mysql-2 ~]# cd /var/lib/mysql
[root@mysql-2 mysql]# tar -czf /root/salve1.tar.gz .
[root@mysql-2 ~]# scp slave1.tar.gz root@192.168.110.131:/root
root@192.168.110.131's password:
slave1.tar.gz
100% 2112KB 110.5MB/s
00:00
[root@mysql-2 ~]# scp salve1.tar.gz root@192.168.110.131:/root
root@192.168.110.131's password:
salve1.tar.gz
100% 2108KB 116.2MB/s
00:00
[root@mysql-2 ~]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@bogon ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql
[root@bogon ~]# mkdir /var/lib/mysql
[root@bogon ~]# tar -xzf salve1.tar.gz -C /var/lib/mysql/
[root@bogon ~]# chown mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql
[root@bogon ~]# restorecon -R /var/lib/mysql
[root@bogon ~]# rm -f /var/lib/mysql/auto.cnf
[root@bogon ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
# 添加如下内容
server_id=3
skip-slave-start=1
relay_log = relipca-relay
relay_log_index = relipca-relay-index
[root@bogon ~]# systemctl start mysqld
[root@bogon ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Redhat12~'
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)