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视频算法专题
本文涉及知识点
树上倍增 树 图论 并集查找 换根法 深度优先 割点
LeetCode3067. 在带权树网络中统计可连接服务器对数目
给你一棵无根带权树,树中总共有 n 个节点,分别表示 n 个服务器,服务器从 0 到 n - 1 编号。同时给你一个数组 edges ,其中 edges[i] = [ai, bi, weighti] 表示节点 ai 和 bi 之间有一条双向边,边的权值为 weighti 。再给你一个整数 signalSpeed 。
如果两个服务器 a ,b 和 c 满足以下条件,那么我们称服务器 a 和 b 是通过服务器 c 可连接的 :
a < b ,a != c 且 b != c 。
从 c 到 a 的距离是可以被 signalSpeed 整除的。
从 c 到 b 的距离是可以被 signalSpeed 整除的。
从 c 到 b 的路径与从 c 到 a 的路径没有任何公共边。
请你返回一个长度为 n 的整数数组 count ,其中 count[i] 表示通过服务器 i 可连接 的服务器对的 数目 。
示例 1:
输入:edges = [[0,1,1],[1,2,5],[2,3,13],[3,4,9],[4,5,2]], signalSpeed = 1
输出:[0,4,6,6,4,0]
解释:由于 signalSpeed 等于 1 ,count[c] 等于所有从 c 开始且没有公共边的路径对数目。
在输入图中,count[c] 等于服务器 c 左边服务器数目乘以右边服务器数目。
示例 2:
输入:edges = [[0,6,3],[6,5,3],[0,3,1],[3,2,7],[3,1,6],[3,4,2]], signalSpeed = 3
输出:[2,0,0,0,0,0,2]
解释:通过服务器 0 ,有 2 个可连接服务器对(4, 5) 和 (4, 6) 。
通过服务器 6 ,有 2 个可连接服务器对 (4, 5) 和 (0, 5) 。
所有服务器对都必须通过服务器 0 或 6 才可连接,所以其他服务器对应的可连接服务器对数目都为 0 。
提示:
2 <= n <= 1000
edges.length == n - 1
edges[i].length == 3
0 <= ai, bi < n
edges[i] = [ai, bi, weighti]
1 <= weighti <= 106
1 <= signalSpeed <= 106
输入保证 edges 构成一棵合法的树。
树上倍增
本题有三个考点:
一,如何计算树上两个节点x1,x2的距离。
假定这两个节点的最早公共祖先是pub。以任意节点root为根,f(x)表示节点x到root的距离。
x1到x2的距离:f(x1)+f(x2)-2*f(pub)。
二,如何找到最早公共祖先:树上倍增。
记录各节点的1级祖先(父节点)、2级祖先、4级祖先…
三,如果判断ac和bc有公共边。
树是连通无向无环图,因为无环,所以两个节点的路径唯一。
假设公共边是x3x4。则x3到c的路径唯一,假定x3到c的倒数第二个端点是x5,则ab和bc的最后一条边都是 x 3 c → \overrightarrow{x3c} x3c。断开所以和c相连的边,如果a和b在同一个连通区域,则有公共边。用并查集看是否在同一个连通区域。
时间复杂度: O(nnlogn)。 枚举c,时间复杂度O(n);枚举ab,时间复杂度O(n)。查公共路径O(logn)。
并集查找
class CNeiBo
{
public: static vector<vector<int>> Two(int n, vector<vector<int>>& edges, bool bDirect, int iBase = 0) {vector<vector<int>> vNeiBo(n);for (const auto& v : edges){vNeiBo[v[0] - iBase].emplace_back(v[1] - iBase);if (!bDirect){vNeiBo[v[1] - iBase].emplace_back(v[0] - iBase);}}return vNeiBo;} static vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>> Three(int n, vector<vector<int>>& edges, bool bDirect, int iBase = 0){vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>> vNeiBo(n);for (const auto& v : edges){vNeiBo[v[0] - iBase].emplace_back(v[1] - iBase, v[2]);if (!bDirect){vNeiBo[v[1] - iBase].emplace_back(v[0] - iBase, v[2]);}}return vNeiBo;}
};
class CUnionFind
{
public:CUnionFind(int iSize) :m_vNodeToRegion(iSize){for (int i = 0; i < iSize; i++){m_vNodeToRegion[i] = i;}m_iConnetRegionCount = iSize;} CUnionFind(vector<vector<int>>& vNeiBo):CUnionFind(vNeiBo.size()){for (int i = 0; i < vNeiBo.size(); i++) {for (const auto& n : vNeiBo[i]) {Union(i, n);}}}int GetConnectRegionIndex(int iNode){int& iConnectNO = m_vNodeToRegion[iNode];if (iNode == iConnectNO){return iNode;}return iConnectNO = GetConnectRegionIndex(iConnectNO);}void Union(int iNode1, int iNode2){const int iConnectNO1 = GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode1);const int iConnectNO2 = GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode2);if (iConnectNO1 == iConnectNO2){return;}m_iConnetRegionCount--;if (iConnectNO1 > iConnectNO2){UnionConnect(iConnectNO1, iConnectNO2);}else{UnionConnect(iConnectNO2, iConnectNO1);}}bool IsConnect(int iNode1, int iNode2){return GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode1) == GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode2);}int GetConnetRegionCount()const{return m_iConnetRegionCount;}vector<int> GetNodeCountOfRegion()//各联通区域的节点数量{const int iNodeSize = m_vNodeToRegion.size();vector<int> vRet(iNodeSize);for (int i = 0; i < iNodeSize; i++){vRet[GetConnectRegionIndex(i)]++;}return vRet;}std::unordered_map<int, vector<int>> GetNodeOfRegion(){std::unordered_map<int, vector<int>> ret;const int iNodeSize = m_vNodeToRegion.size();for (int i = 0; i < iNodeSize; i++){ret[GetConnectRegionIndex(i)].emplace_back(i);}return ret;}
private:void UnionConnect(int iFrom, int iTo){m_vNodeToRegion[iFrom] = iTo;}vector<int> m_vNodeToRegion;//各点所在联通区域的索引,本联通区域任意一点的索引,为了增加可理解性,用最小索引int m_iConnetRegionCount;
};class CParents
{
public:CParents(vector<int>& vParent, const vector<int>& vLeve):m_vLeve(vLeve){const int iMaxLeve = *std::max_element(vLeve.begin(), vLeve.end());int iBitNum = 0;for (; (1 << iBitNum) < iMaxLeve; iBitNum++);const int n = vParent.size();m_vParents.assign(iBitNum+1, vector<int>(n, -1));m_vParents[0] = vParent;//树上倍增for (int i = 1; i < m_vParents.size(); i++){for (int j = 0; j < n; j++){const int iPre = m_vParents[i - 1][j];if (-1 != iPre){m_vParents[i][j] = m_vParents[i - 1][iPre];}}}}int GetParent(int iNode, int iLeve)const{int iParent = iNode;for (int iBit = 0; iBit < m_vParents.size(); iBit++){if (-1 == iParent){return iParent;}if (iLeve & (1 << iBit)){iParent = m_vParents[iBit][iParent];}}return iParent;}int GetPublicParent(int iNode1, int iNode2)const{int leve0 = m_vLeve[iNode1];int leve1 = m_vLeve[iNode2];if (leve0 < leve1){iNode2 = GetParent(iNode2, leve1 - leve0);leve1 = leve0;}else{iNode1 = GetParent(iNode1, leve0 - leve1);leve0 = leve1;}//二分查找int left = -1, r = leve0;while (r - left > 1){const auto mid = left + (r - left) / 2;const int iParent0 = GetParent(iNode1, mid);const int iParent1 = GetParent(iNode2, mid);if (iParent0 == iParent1){r = mid;}else{left = mid;}}return GetParent(iNode1, r);}
protected:vector<vector<int>> m_vParents;const vector<int> m_vLeve;
};class Solution {
public:vector<int> countPairsOfConnectableServers(vector<vector<int>>& edges, int signalSpeed) {m_c = edges.size() + 1;m_vDisToRoot.resize(m_c);m_vParent.resize(m_c);m_vLeve.resize(m_c);auto neiBo = CNeiBo::Three(m_c, edges, false, 0);DFS(neiBo, 0, -1, 0,0); CParents par(m_vParent,m_vLeve);vector<int> vRet(m_c);for (int c = 0; c < m_c; c++){CUnionFind uf(m_c);for (const auto& v : edges){if ((v[0] == c) || (v[1] == c)){continue;}uf.Union(v[0], v[1]);}vector<int> vRegionCnt(m_c);for (int ab = 0; ab < m_c; ab++){if (ab == c ){continue;}const int pub = par.GetPublicParent(ab, c);const int len = m_vDisToRoot[ab] + m_vDisToRoot[c] - 2 * m_vDisToRoot[pub];if (0 != len % signalSpeed){continue;}vRegionCnt[uf.GetConnectRegionIndex(ab)]++;}int&iRet = vRet[c];const int total = std::accumulate(vRegionCnt.begin(), vRegionCnt.end(), 0);for (int c1 = 0; c1 < m_c; c1++){iRet += vRegionCnt[c1] * (total - vRegionCnt[c1]);} iRet /= 2;}return vRet;}void DFS(vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>>& neiBo, int cur, int par,int leve,int dis){m_vDisToRoot[cur] =dis;m_vParent[cur] = par;m_vLeve[cur] = leve;for (const auto& [next,len] : neiBo[cur]){if (next == par){continue;}DFS(neiBo, next, cur,leve+1,dis+len);}}vector<int> m_vDisToRoot,m_vParent,m_vLeve;int m_c;
};
测试用例
template<class T,class T2>
void Assert(const T& t1, const T2& t2)
{assert(t1 == t2);
}template<class T>
void Assert(const vector<T>& v1, const vector<T>& v2)
{if (v1.size() != v2.size()){assert(false);return;}for (int i = 0; i < v1.size(); i++){Assert(v1[i], v2[i]);}}int main()
{vector<vector<int>> edges;int signalSpeed;{Solution sln;edges = { }, signalSpeed = 1;auto res = sln.countPairsOfConnectableServers(edges, signalSpeed);Assert({ 0 }, res);}{Solution sln;edges = { {0,1,1} }, signalSpeed = 1;auto res = sln.countPairsOfConnectableServers(edges, signalSpeed);Assert({ 0,0 }, res);}{Solution sln;edges = { {0,1,1},{1,2,1} }, signalSpeed = 1;auto res = sln.countPairsOfConnectableServers(edges, signalSpeed);Assert({ 0,1,0 }, res);}{Solution sln;edges = { {0,1,1},{1,2,5},{2,3,13},{3,4,9},{4,5,2} }, signalSpeed = 1;auto res = sln.countPairsOfConnectableServers(edges, signalSpeed);Assert({ 0,4,6,6,4,0 } , res);}{Solution sln;edges = { {0,6,3},{6,5,3},{0,3,1},{3,2,7},{3,1,6},{3,4,2} }, signalSpeed = 3;auto res = sln.countPairsOfConnectableServers(edges, signalSpeed);Assert({ 2,0,0,0,0,0,2 }, res);}
}
换根法DFS
树中删除一个节点,则各孩子各一个连通区域,除自己及后代外一个区域。如果这个节点是根,则简单得多。各孩子一个连通区域。
DSF(cur) 返回自己及子孙到当前根节点距离是signalSpeed 倍的节点数量。令当前根节点各孩子的返回值是{i1,i2, ⋯ \cdots ⋯,im} 。i1*i2+(i1+i2)*i3 ⋯ \cdots ⋯ +(I1+i2+ … \dots … + i m − 1 _{m-1} m−1)*im。这样不必除以二。
a<b ,表示a !=b ,(a,b)和(b,a)只取一个。
class CNeiBo
{
public: static vector<vector<int>> Two(int n, vector<vector<int>>& edges, bool bDirect, int iBase = 0) {vector<vector<int>> vNeiBo(n);for (const auto& v : edges){vNeiBo[v[0] - iBase].emplace_back(v[1] - iBase);if (!bDirect){vNeiBo[v[1] - iBase].emplace_back(v[0] - iBase);}}return vNeiBo;} static vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>> Three(int n, vector<vector<int>>& edges, bool bDirect, int iBase = 0){vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>> vNeiBo(n);for (const auto& v : edges){vNeiBo[v[0] - iBase].emplace_back(v[1] - iBase, v[2]);if (!bDirect){vNeiBo[v[1] - iBase].emplace_back(v[0] - iBase, v[2]);}}return vNeiBo;}
};class Solution {
public:vector<int> countPairsOfConnectableServers(vector<vector<int>>& edges, int signalSpeed) {m_c = edges.size() + 1;m_iSignalSpeed = signalSpeed; auto neiBo = CNeiBo::Three(m_c, edges, false, 0); vector<int> vRet(m_c);for (int c = 0; c < m_c; c++){int& iRet = vRet[c];int left = 0;for (const auto& [next, len] : neiBo[c]){int cur = DFS(neiBo, next, c, len);iRet += left * cur;left += cur;}}return vRet;}int DFS(vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>>& neiBo, int cur, int par,int dis){int iRet = (0 ==dis % m_iSignalSpeed);for (const auto& [next,len] : neiBo[cur]){if (next == par){continue;}iRet +=DFS(neiBo, next, cur,dis+len);}return iRet;}int m_iSignalSpeed;int m_c;
};
割点
本解法过于复杂,除非用了提前封装好的割点扩展类,否则被使用。
class CNeiBo
{
public: static vector<vector<int>> Two(int n, vector<vector<int>>& edges, bool bDirect, int iBase = 0) {vector<vector<int>> vNeiBo(n);for (const auto& v : edges){vNeiBo[v[0] - iBase].emplace_back(v[1] - iBase);if (!bDirect){vNeiBo[v[1] - iBase].emplace_back(v[0] - iBase);}}return vNeiBo;} static vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>> Three(int n, vector<vector<int>>& edges, bool bDirect, int iBase = 0){vector<vector<std::pair<int, int>>> vNeiBo(n);for (const auto& v : edges){vNeiBo[v[0] - iBase].emplace_back(v[1] - iBase, v[2]);if (!bDirect){vNeiBo[v[1] - iBase].emplace_back(v[0] - iBase, v[2]);}}return vNeiBo;}
};
class CUnionFind
{
public:CUnionFind(int iSize) :m_vNodeToRegion(iSize){for (int i = 0; i < iSize; i++){m_vNodeToRegion[i] = i;}m_iConnetRegionCount = iSize;} CUnionFind(vector<vector<int>>& vNeiBo):CUnionFind(vNeiBo.size()){for (int i = 0; i < vNeiBo.size(); i++) {for (const auto& n : vNeiBo[i]) {Union(i, n);}}}int GetConnectRegionIndex(int iNode){int& iConnectNO = m_vNodeToRegion[iNode];if (iNode == iConnectNO){return iNode;}return iConnectNO = GetConnectRegionIndex(iConnectNO);}void Union(int iNode1, int iNode2){const int iConnectNO1 = GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode1);const int iConnectNO2 = GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode2);if (iConnectNO1 == iConnectNO2){return;}m_iConnetRegionCount--;if (iConnectNO1 > iConnectNO2){UnionConnect(iConnectNO1, iConnectNO2);}else{UnionConnect(iConnectNO2, iConnectNO1);}}bool IsConnect(int iNode1, int iNode2){return GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode1) == GetConnectRegionIndex(iNode2);}int GetConnetRegionCount()const{return m_iConnetRegionCount;}vector<int> GetNodeCountOfRegion()//各联通区域的节点数量{const int iNodeSize = m_vNodeToRegion.size();vector<int> vRet(iNodeSize);for (int i = 0; i < iNodeSize; i++){vRet[GetConnectRegionIndex(i)]++;}return vRet;}std::unordered_map<int, vector<int>> GetNodeOfRegion(){std::unordered_map<int, vector<int>> ret;const int iNodeSize = m_vNodeToRegion.size();for (int i = 0; i < iNodeSize; i++){ret[GetConnectRegionIndex(i)].emplace_back(i);}return ret;}
private:void UnionConnect(int iFrom, int iTo){m_vNodeToRegion[iFrom] = iTo;}vector<int> m_vNodeToRegion;//各点所在联通区域的索引,本联通区域任意一点的索引,为了增加可理解性,用最小索引int m_iConnetRegionCount;
};class CParents
{
public:CParents(vector<int>& vParent, const int iMaxLeve){ int iBitNum = 0;for (; (1 << iBitNum) < iMaxLeve; iBitNum++);const int n = vParent.size();m_vParents.assign(iBitNum+1, vector<int>(n, -1));m_vParents[0] = vParent;//树上倍增for (int i = 1; i < m_vParents.size(); i++){for (int j = 0; j < n; j++){const int iPre = m_vParents[i - 1][j];if (-1 != iPre){m_vParents[i][j] = m_vParents[i - 1][iPre];}}}}int GetParent(int iNode, int iLeve)const{int iParent = iNode;for (int iBit = 0; iBit < m_vParents.size(); iBit++){if (-1 == iParent){return iParent;}if (iLeve & (1 << iBit)){iParent = m_vParents[iBit][iParent];}}return iParent;}
protected:vector<vector<int>> m_vParents;
};class C2Parents : CParents
{
public:C2Parents(vector<int>& vParent, const vector<int>& vLeve) :m_vLeve(vLeve), CParents(vParent,*std::max_element(vLeve.begin(), vLeve.end())){ } int GetPublicParent(int iNode1, int iNode2)const{int leve0 = m_vLeve[iNode1];int leve1 = m_vLeve[iNode2];if (leve0 < leve1){iNode2 = GetParent(iNode2, leve1 - leve0);leve1 = leve0;}else{iNode1 = GetParent(iNode1, leve0 - leve1);leve0 = leve1;}//二分查找int left = -1, r = leve0;while (r - left > 1){const auto mid = left + (r - left) / 2;const int iParent0 = GetParent(iNode1, mid);const int iParent1 = GetParent(iNode2, mid);if (iParent0 == iParent1){r = mid;}else{left = mid;}}return GetParent(iNode1, r);}
protected:vector<vector<int>> m_vParents;const vector<int> m_vLeve;
};class CCutPointEx
{
public:CCutPointEx(const vector<vector<int>>& vNeiB) : m_iSize(vNeiB.size()){m_vNodeToTime.assign(m_iSize, -1);m_vChildFirstEnd.resize(m_iSize);m_vNodeToRegion.assign(m_iSize, -1);m_vCut.assign(m_iSize, false);for (int i = 0; i < m_iSize; i++){if (-1 != m_vNodeToTime[i]){continue;}dfs(i, -1, vNeiB);m_iRegionCount++;}m_vTimeToNode.resize(m_iSize);for (int i = 0; i < m_iSize; i++){m_vTimeToNode[m_vNodeToTime[i]] = i;;}}bool Visit(int src, int dest, int iCut)const{if (m_vNodeToRegion[src] != m_vNodeToRegion[dest]){return false;//不在一个连通区域}if (!m_vCut[iCut]){return true;}const int r1 = GetCutRegion(iCut, src);const int r2 = GetCutRegion(iCut, dest);return r1 == r2;}vector<vector<int>> GetSubRegionOfCut(const int iCut)const{//删除iCut及和它相连的边后,iCut所在的区域会分成几个区域:父节点一个区域、各子节点一个区域//父节点所在区域可能为空,如果iCut所在的连通区域只有一个节点,则返回一个没有节点的区域。const auto& v = m_vChildFirstEnd[iCut];vector<vector<int>> vRet(1); int j = 0;for (int iTime=0;iTime < m_iSize; iTime++ ){const int iNode = m_vTimeToNode[iTime];if ((j < v.size()) && ( iTime >= v[j].first )){j++;vRet.emplace_back();}if ((iCut != iNode) && (m_vNodeToRegion[iNode] == m_vNodeToRegion[iCut])){if (v.size()&&(iTime >= v.back().second)){vRet[0].emplace_back(iNode);}else{vRet.back().emplace_back(iNode);}}}return vRet;}
protected:int dfs(int cur, int parent, const vector<vector<int>>& vNeiB){auto& curTime = m_vNodeToTime[cur];m_vNodeToRegion[cur] = m_iRegionCount;curTime = m_iTime++;int iCutChild = 0;int iMinTime = curTime;for (const auto& next : vNeiB[cur]){if (-1 != m_vNodeToTime[next]){iMinTime = min(iMinTime, m_vNodeToTime[next]);continue;}int iChildBeginTime = m_iTime;const int iChildMinTime = dfs(next, cur, vNeiB);iMinTime = min(iMinTime, iChildMinTime);if (iChildMinTime >= curTime){iCutChild++;m_vChildFirstEnd[cur].push_back({ iChildBeginTime,m_iTime });};}m_vCut[cur] = (iCutChild + (-1 != parent)) >= 2;return iMinTime;}int GetCutRegion(int iCut, int iNode)const{const auto& v = m_vChildFirstEnd[iCut];auto it = std::upper_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), m_vNodeToTime[iNode], [](int time, const std::pair<int, int>& pr) {return time < pr.first; });if (v.begin() == it){return v.size();}--it;return (it->second > m_vNodeToTime[iNode]) ? (it - v.begin()) : v.size();}int m_iTime = 0;const int m_iSize;//时间戳int m_iRegionCount = 0;vector<int> m_vNodeToTime;//各节点到达时间,从0开始。 -1表示未处理vector<bool> m_vCut;//是否是割点vector<int> m_vNodeToRegion;//各节点所在区域vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> m_vChildFirstEnd;//左闭右开空间[0,m_vChildFirstEnd[0].first)和[m_vChildFirstEnd.back().second,iSize)是一个区域vector<int> m_vTimeToNode;
};
DFS代替树上倍增
时间复杂度的瓶颈在 树上倍增。
扩展阅读
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测试环境
操作系统:win7 开发环境: VS2019 C++17
或者 操作系统:win10 开发环境: VS2022 **C+
+17**
如无特殊说明,本算法用**C++**实现。